done

statistics/assignments/day3.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+\documentclass[addpoints,10pt]{exam}
+\usepackage{url}
+\usepackage{color}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+
+\pagestyle{headandfoot}
+\runningheadrule
+\firstpageheadrule
+
+\firstpageheader{Scientific Computing}{afternoon assignment day 02}{10/22/2014}
+%\runningheader{Homework 01}{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}{23. October 2014}
+\firstpagefooter{}{}{}
+\runningfooter{}{}{}
+\pointsinmargin
+\bracketedpoints
+
+%\printanswers
+\shadedsolutions
+
+
+\begin{document}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Submission instructions %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\sffamily
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Questions %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\begin{questions}
+  \question When the p-value is small, we reject the null
+  hypothesis. For example, if you want to test whether two means are
+  not equal, the null hypothesis is ``means are equal''. If e.g. $p\le
+  0.05$ then we take it as sufficient evidence that the null
+  hypothesis is not true. Therefore, we assume that the means are not
+  equal (which is what you want to show). 
+
+  In this exercise we will look at what kind of p-values we expect if
+  the null hypothesis is true. In our example, this would be the case
+  if the true means of two datasets are actually equal. 
+  \begin{parts}
+    \part Think about how you expect the p-values to behave in that
+    situation. 
+    \part Simulate the situation in which the means are equal by
+    repeating the following at least $1000$ times:
+    \begin{enumerate}
+    \item Generate two arrays {\tt x} and {\tt y} with $10$ normally
+      (Gaussian) distributed random numbers using {\tt randn}. By
+      construction, the true means behind the random number are zero. 
+    \item Perform a two sample t-test ({\tt ttest2}) on {\tt x} and
+      {\tt y}. Store the p-value.
+    \end{enumerate}
+    \part Plot a histogram of the $1000$ p-values. What do you think
+    is the distribution the p-values (i.e. if you repeated this
+    experiment many more times, how would the histogram look like)?
+    \part Given what you find, think about whether the following
+    strategy is statistically valid: You collect $10$ data points from
+    each group and perform a test. If the test is not significant, you
+    collect $10$ more and repeat the test. If the test tells you that
+    there is a significant difference you stop. Otherwise you repeat
+    the procedure until the test is significant.
+  \end{parts}
+\end{questions}
+
+
+
+
+
+\end{document}

statistics/environments.tex

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../latex/environments.tex

statistics/lecture_statistics02.tex

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 Bernstein Center T\"ubingen}
 
 \institute[Scientific Computing]{}
- \date{10/20/2014}
+ \date{10/21/2014}
 %\logo{\pgfuseimage{logo}}
 
 \subject{Lectures}

statistics/lecture_statistics03.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+\documentclass{beamer}
+\usepackage{xcolor}
+\usepackage{listings}
+\usepackage{pgf}
+%\usepackage{pgf,pgfarrows,pgfnodes,pgfautomata,pgfheaps,pgfshade} 
+%\usepackage{multimedia}
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\usepackage{bm} 
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+\usepackage{ulem}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\mode<presentation>
+{
+  \usetheme{Singapore}
+  \setbeamercovered{opaque}
+  \usecolortheme{tuebingen}
+  \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}
+  \usefonttheme{default}
+  \useoutertheme{infolines}
+  % \useoutertheme{miniframes}
+}
+
+\AtBeginSubsection[]
+{
+  \begin{frame}<beamer>
+    \begin{center}
+      \Huge \insertsectionhead
+    \end{center}
+    \tableofcontents[ 
+    currentsubsection, 
+    hideothersubsections, 
+    sectionstyle=show/hide, 
+    subsectionstyle=show/shaded, 
+] 
+    % \frametitle{\insertsectionhead}
+  \end{frame}
+}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5
+
+\setbeamertemplate{blocks}[rounded][shadow=true]
+
+\title[]{Scientific Computing -- Statistics}
+\author[Statistics]{Fabian Sinz\\Dept. Neuroethology,
+  University T\"ubingen\\
+Bernstein Center T\"ubingen}
+
+\institute[Scientific Computing]{}
+ \date{10/22/2014}
+%\logo{\pgfuseimage{logo}}
+
+\subject{Lectures}
+
+%%%%%%%%%% configuration for code
+\lstset{
+ basicstyle=\ttfamily,
+ numbers=left,
+ showstringspaces=false,
+ language=Matlab,
+ commentstyle=\itshape\color{darkgray},
+ keywordstyle=\color{blue},
+ stringstyle=\color{green},
+ backgroundcolor=\color{blue!10},
+ breaklines=true,
+ breakautoindent=true,
+ columns=flexible,
+ frame=single,
+ captionpos=b,
+ xleftmargin=1em,
+ xrightmargin=1em,
+ aboveskip=10pt
+ }
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\newcommand{\mycite}[1]{
+\begin{flushright}
+\tiny \color{black!80} #1
+\end{flushright}
+}
+
+\input{../latex/environments.tex}
+\makeatother
+ 
+\begin{document} 
+ 
+\begin{frame} 
+  \titlepage 
+
+\end{frame} 
+
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\section{Day 3  -- study design: choosing n}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\subsection{choosing n for confidence intervals}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{general theme}
+  \begin{enumerate}
+  \item make an educated guess about the true parameters
+  \item state how accurate/powerful you want to be
+  \item select $n$ based on that
+  \end{enumerate}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{estimating a single mean}
+  \framesubtitle{standard error and $\alpha$}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Assume you have an estimate $s$ of the standard deviation from
+    the literature.
+  \item The $95$\% confidence interval is given by
+    $$\underbrace{|\tilde\mu - \mu_0|}_{=:\delta} \ge   t_{97.5\%,
+      \nu}\frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}$$\pause
+  \item How should we choose $n$ to get a confidence interval of a
+    particular size $\pm \delta$?\pause 
+  \item[] We should set $n$ to be
+    $$n \ge \left(\frac{t_{97.5\%, \nu}\cdot s}{\delta}\right)^2 $$
+  \end{itemize}
+  
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{exercise}
+  \begin{task}{choosing $n$}
+      Example from last lecture: Literature value of thymus gland
+      weights is $34.3$g. The estimate of the standard deviation from
+      the literature is $s=10$g.
+      
+      The equation for $n$ is
+      $$n \ge \left(\frac{t_{97.5\%, \nu}\cdot s}{\delta}\right)^2 $$
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Assume we want to sacrifice as few animals as possible. We
+      say we are fine with a confidence interval of size $\pm\delta=5$, how
+      should we choose $n$?
+    \item What $n$ should we choose for $n$ if we want $\pm\delta=2$?
+    \end{itemize}
+    Extend your bootstrapping script from yesterday to check that the
+    equation is correct.
+  \end{task}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+  \frametitle{How to interrupt for/while loops}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Sometimes you want to stop a for/while loop early.
+  \item The command for that is {\tt break}
+  \end{itemize}
+{\bf Example}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+% silly way to find a random number larger than .8
+for i = 1:2000
+   u = rand();
+   if u >= .8
+     disp('Found it!');
+     break
+   end
+end
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{winner's curse}
+  \begin{task}{Why it is important to estimate $n$ beforehand}
+    Use the thymus gland dataset to repeat the following procedure 
+    \begin{enumerate}
+    \item Randomly select $n=10$ numbers from the whole dataset.
+    \item Perform a one-sample ttest ({\tt ttest}) to test against the
+      mean of $34.3$g.
+    \item If the p-value is smaller than $0.05$, stop the loop and
+      print the mean of the $10$ datapoints. Also print the mean of
+      the entire thymus gland dataset.
+    \item Why is it better to use a {\tt for} instead of a {\tt while} loop?
+    \item What can you observe? Why does that tell you that choosing
+      $n$ is important?
+    \end{enumerate}
+  \end{task}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+  \frametitle{solution}
+\scriptsize
+  \begin{lstlisting}
+load thymusglandweights.dat
+
+n = 10;
+
+x = thymusglandweights;
+
+for i = 1:5000
+    idx = randi(length(x), n,1);
+    y = x(idx);
+    [h,p] = ttest(y, 34.3);
+    
+    if h == 1
+        disp(['p-value: ', num2str(p)]);
+        disp(['mu: ', num2str(mean(y))]);
+        disp(['mu total: ', num2str(mean(x))]);
+        break
+    end
+end
+  \end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{power}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{test nomenclature}
+  \begin{center}
+    \only<1>{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figs/testframework00.pdf}}
+    \only<2>{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figs/testframework01.pdf}}
+  \end{center}
+\small
+\begin{columns}
+  \begin{column}[l]{.5\linewidth}
+{\bf You want:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item large power
+\item small type I \& II error probability ($\alpha$ and $\beta$)
+\end{itemize}
+  \end{column}
+  \begin{column}[r]{.5\linewidth}
+  \end{column}
+\end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{power}
+  \begin{task}{estimating power with bootstrapping}
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Take the script from yesterday in which we simulated the
+      null distribution of the means.
+    \item Extend it such that it plots the bootstrapped distribution
+      of the means as well (use the same bins for both histograms by
+      using {\tt hist} for computing the histogram and {\tt bar} for
+      plotting).
+    \item Use logical indexing to find all means that correspond to
+      true positives (using the 95\% decision boundaries computed
+      yesterday). Estimate the power by computing the fraction of true
+      positive bootstrapped means.
+    \item What is the probability that you get a false negative?
+    \item If you have time, plot the histogram of true positives in a
+      different color.
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{task}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{summary}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Proper study design is important to avoid statistical problems
+    like the winner's curse.
+  \item You should choose a test with high power.
+  \item There are also equations to select $n$ for type I error {\em
+      and} power (see book by Zar). 
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\section{Day 4-5 -- curve fitting and maximum likelihood}
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{Overview}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item minimizing/maximizing a function numerically (optimization) is
+    ubiquitous in science (curve fitting, maximum likelihood, ...)
+  \item today we will look at the basic elements of optimization and
+    apply it to curve fitting
+  \item tomorrow, we will apply it to maximum likelihood
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+  \frametitle{plotting surfaces}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+range = linspace(-1,1,20);
+[X,Y] = meshgrid(range, range);
+
+surf(X,Y, (X.^2 + Y.^2));
+colormap('winter');
+
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{linear least squares}
+  \begin{minipage}{1.0\linewidth}
+    \begin{minipage}{0.3\linewidth}
+      \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figs/leastsquares.png}
+      \source{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear\_least_squares\_\%28mathematics\%29}
+    \end{minipage}
+    \begin{minipage}{0.7\linewidth}
+      \begin{itemize}
+      \item The most common curve fitting problem is {\em linear least
+        squares}.
+      \item Its goal is to predict a set of output values $y_1, ...,
+        y_n$ from their corresponding input values $x_1,...,x_n$ with
+        a line $f_{a,b}(x) = a x+b$. 
+      \item How is the line chosen?\pause
+      \item[] By minimization of the mean squared error
+        $$g(a,b) = \sum_{i=1}^n (y_i - f_{a,b}(x_i))^2$$
+      \end{itemize}
+    \end{minipage}
+  \end{minipage}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{error surface}
+  \begin{task}{plotting the error surface}
+    Write a function {\tt lserr} that takes 2-dimensional parameter
+    vector (slope and offset), an array of inputs {\tt x}, and an
+    array of corresponding outputs {\tt y}.
+  \end{task}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \begin{center}
+    \Huge That's it.
+  \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\end{document} 
+ 

statistics/lecture_statistics04.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+\documentclass{beamer}
+\usepackage{xcolor}
+\usepackage{listings}
+\usepackage{pgf}
+%\usepackage{pgf,pgfarrows,pgfnodes,pgfautomata,pgfheaps,pgfshade} 
+%\usepackage{multimedia}
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
+\usepackage{amsmath, amssymb}
+\usepackage{bm} 
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+\usepackage{ulem}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\mode<presentation>
+{
+  \usetheme{Singapore}
+  \setbeamercovered{opaque}
+  \usecolortheme{tuebingen}
+  \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}
+  \usefonttheme{default}
+  \useoutertheme{infolines}
+  % \useoutertheme{miniframes}
+}
+
+\AtBeginSubsection[]
+{
+  \begin{frame}<beamer>
+    \begin{center}
+      \Huge \insertsectionhead
+    \end{center}
+    \tableofcontents[ 
+    currentsubsection, 
+    hideothersubsections, 
+    sectionstyle=show/hide, 
+    subsectionstyle=show/shaded, 
+] 
+    % \frametitle{\insertsectionhead}
+  \end{frame}
+}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5
+
+\setbeamertemplate{blocks}[rounded][shadow=true]
+
+\title[]{Scientific Computing -- Statistics}
+\author[Statistics]{Fabian Sinz\\Dept. Neuroethology,
+  University T\"ubingen\\
+Bernstein Center T\"ubingen}
+
+\institute[Scientific Computing]{}
+ \date{10/23/2014}
+%\logo{\pgfuseimage{logo}}
+
+\subject{Lectures}
+
+%%%%%%%%%% configuration for code
+\lstset{
+ basicstyle=\ttfamily,
+ numbers=left,
+ showstringspaces=false,
+ language=Matlab,
+ commentstyle=\itshape\color{darkgray},
+ keywordstyle=\color{blue},
+ stringstyle=\color{green},
+ backgroundcolor=\color{blue!10},
+ breaklines=true,
+ breakautoindent=true,
+ columns=flexible,
+ frame=single,
+ captionpos=b,
+ xleftmargin=1em,
+ xrightmargin=1em,
+ aboveskip=10pt
+ }
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\newcommand{\mycite}[1]{
+\begin{flushright}
+\tiny \color{black!80} #1
+\end{flushright}
+}
+
+\input{../latex/environments.tex}
+\makeatother
+ 
+\begin{document} 
+ 
+\begin{frame} 
+  \titlepage 
+
+\end{frame} 
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\section{Day 4-5 -- curve fitting and maximum likelihood}
+\subsection{curve fitting and optimization}
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{Overview}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item minimizing/maximizing a function numerically (optimization) is
+    ubiquitous in science (curve fitting, maximum likelihood, ...)
+  \item today we will look at the basic elements of optimization and
+    apply it to curve fitting
+  \item tomorrow, we will apply it to maximum likelihood
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+  \frametitle{plotting surfaces}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+range = linspace(-1,1,20);
+[X,Y] = meshgrid(range, range);
+
+surf(X,Y, (X.^2 + Y.^2));
+colormap('winter');
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{linear least squares}
+  \begin{minipage}{1.0\linewidth}
+    \begin{minipage}{0.3\linewidth}
+      \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figs/leastsquares.png}
+      \source{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear\_least_squares\_\%28mathematics\%29}
+    \end{minipage}
+    \begin{minipage}{0.7\linewidth}
+      \begin{itemize}
+      \item The most common curve fitting problem is {\em linear least
+        squares}.
+      \item Its goal is to predict a set of output values $y_1, ...,
+        y_n$ from their corresponding input values $x_1,...,x_n$ with
+        a line $f_{a,b}(x) = a x+b$. 
+      \item How is the line chosen?\pause
+      \item[] By minimization of the mean squared error
+        $$g(a,b) = \sum_{i=1}^n (y_i - f_{a,b}(x_i))^2$$
+      \end{itemize}
+    \end{minipage}
+  \end{minipage}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{error surface}
+  \begin{task}{plotting the error surface}
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Write a function {\tt lserr} that takes 2-dimensional
+      parameter vector (slope $a$ and offset $b$), an array of inputs
+      {\tt x}, an array of corresponding outputs {\tt y}, and compute
+      the least squares error
+       $$g(a,b) = \sum_{i=1}^n (y_i - f_{a,b}(x_i))^2$$
+       with $$f_{a,b}(x_i) = a x_i + b.$$
+     \item Generate an example dataset with {\tt x=linspace(-5,5,20)}
+       and {\tt y = .5*x + 1 + randn(length(x),1)}.
+     \item Write a script that plots the error surface as a function
+       of $a$ and $b$. 
+     \end{itemize}
+  \end{task}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{optima and derivatives}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item How did you find maxima/minima of functions at school?\pause
+  \item[] Compute the derivative, set it to zero, and solve for $x$.\pause
+  \item Can anybody remember how a derivative is defined (hint:
+    differential quotient)?\pause
+  \item[]$$f'(x) = \lim_{h\rightarrow 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}$$
+  \item Could you write down this expression for the partial
+    derivative $\frac{\partial g(a,b)}{\partial a}$ of $g(a,b)$ w.r.t. $a$?\pause
+  \item[]$$\frac{\partial g(a,b)}{\partial a} = \lim_{h\rightarrow 0}
+    \frac{g(a+h,b) - g(a,b)}{h}$$\pause
+  \item What about $\frac{\partial g(a,b)}{\partial b}$?
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{gradient and numerical derivative}
+  \begin{definition}{gradient}
+    The {\em gradient} $$\nabla g(a,b) = \left(\frac{\partial
+        g(a,b)}{\partial a}, \frac{\partial g(a,b)}{\partial b}
+    \right)$$ is the vector with partial derivatives of $g$ w.r.t. $a$
+    and $b$. 
+  \end{definition}
+  We can numerically approximate it, by using the definition of the
+  derivative
+  $$\frac{\partial g(a,b)}{\partial a} = \lim_{h\rightarrow 0}
+    \frac{g(a+h,b) - g(a,b)}{h} \approx \frac{g(a+h,b) - g(a,b)}{h},$$
+    for very small $h$ (e.g. {\tt h=1e-6}).
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{error surface}
+  \begin{task}{plotting the gradient field}
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Write a function {\tt lserr\_gradient} that takes the same
+      arguments as {\tt lserr}, but numerically computes the gradient 
+  $$\nabla g(a,b) = \left(\frac{\partial g(a,b)}{\partial a}, \frac{\partial g(a,b)}{\partial b} \right)$$
+    \item Add the gradient field as a vector field to your plot (use
+      {\tt quiver}).
+      \item Add a contour plot of the error surface as well (use {\tt contour}).
+      \item What can you observer about the directions of the gradient
+        with respect to the contour lines?
+     \end{itemize}
+  \end{task}
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{gradient descent}
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item The gradient $\nabla g(a,b)$ always points in the direction
+      of steepest ascent. \pause
+    \item How do we get the direction of steepest descent? \pause
+    \item[] We take minus the gradient $-\nabla g(a,b)$. \pause
+  \end{itemize}
+  {\bf gradient descent algorithm}
+  \begin{enumerate}
+  \item Start at some starting point $\mathbf p_0 = (a_0,b_0)$.
+  \item Repeat while gradient is large enough
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Compute the gradient at the current position $\mathbf p_t=(a_t,b_t)$.
+    \item Walk a small step into the gradient direction via $$\mathbf p_{t+1} =
+      \mathbf p_{t} - \varepsilon \nabla g(a_t,b_t)$$ where
+      $\varepsilon$ is a small number. 
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{enumerate}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{gradient descent}
+  \begin{task}{gradient descent}
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Implement a gradient descent for our linear regression
+      problem.
+    \item At each step in the algorithm, plot the error surface and
+      the current parameter point (hint use {\tt plot3} to plot a
+      point in 3D).
+    \item At each step also plot the linear regression line along with
+      the data points in a separate plot.
+    \item It is a good idea to use {\tt pause(.1)} after each plot, so
+      matlab has time updating the plots and you have time watching
+      the gradient descent at work. 
+    \end{itemize}
+    
+  \end{task}
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+  \frametitle{optimization with matlab}
+\scriptsize
+A little adaptation for the objective function
+\begin{lstlisting}
+function [err, grad] = lserr(param, x, y)
+    err = mean( (param(1)*x + param(2) - y).^2 );
+   
+    if nargout == 2
+        grad = lserr_gradient(param, x,y);
+    end
+\end{lstlisting}
+The actual optimization
+\begin{lstlisting}
+function param = estimate_regression(x,y, param0)
+    myfunc = @(p)(lserr(p,x,y));
+    param = fminunc(myfunc,param0, options);
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{nonlinear regression}
+  \scriptsize
+  \begin{task}{fit a charging curve}
+    The following problem arises when estimating the time constant of
+    a membrane from data. 
+
+    \vspace{.5cm}
+
+    \begin{minipage}{1.0\linewidth}
+      \begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
+        \begin{center}
+          \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figs/charging.png}
+        \end{center}
+      \end{minipage}
+      \begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
+        \begin{itemize}
+        \item Download the data {\tt membraneVoltage.mat}. It contains
+          the points plotted on the right hand side. 
+        \item Write a nonlinear least squares fit to fit the function 
+          $$ f_{A,\tau}(t) = A\cdot \left(1 -
+            e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}}\right)$$
+          to the data.
+        \item This looks scary, but it is not: If you programmed
+          everything correctly beforehand you only need to adapt the
+          function {\tt lserr} and use the optimization from the slide
+          before.
+        \item Plot the final result along with the data points. 
+        \end{itemize}
+      \end{minipage}
+    \end{minipage}
+  \end{task}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \begin{center}
+    \Huge That's it.
+  \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\end{document} 
+ 

statistics/matlab/ci_mean.m

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 load thymusglandweights.dat
 
-n = 80;
+n = 16;
 x = thymusglandweights(1:n);
 
 m = 5000;

statistics/matlab/estimate_regression.m

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+function param = estimate_regression(x,y, param0)
+    options = optimoptions(@fminunc,'GradObj','on');
+    myfunc = @(p)(lserr(p,x,y));
+    
+    param = fminunc(myfunc,param0, options);

statistics/matlab/lserr.m

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+function [err, grad] = lserr(param, x, y)
+    err = mean( (param(1)*x + param(2) - y).^2 );
+    
+    if nargout == 2
+        grad = lserr_gradient(param, x,y);
+    end

statistics/matlab/lserr_gradient.m

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+function grad = lserr_gradient(param, x, y)
+    h = 1e-6;
+    
+    grad = 0*param;
+    for i = 1:length(param)
+        paramh = param;
+        paramh(i) = param(i) + h;
+        grad(i) = (lserr(paramh,x,y) - lserr(param,x,y))/h;
+    end
+    

statistics/matlab/my_gradient_descent

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+param0 = [1,1];
+step = 0.01;
+
+m = 50;
+arange = linspace(0,1,m);
+brange = linspace(.5,1.5, m);
+
+[A,B] = meshgrid(arange, brange);
+
+E = 0*A;
+
+x = linspace(-5,5,20);
+y = .5*x + 1 + randn(1, length(x));
+
+U = 0*A;
+V = 0*A;
+
+
+for i = 1:m
+    for j = 1:m
+        E(i,j) = lserr([A(i,j), B(i,j)], x, y);
+        grad = lserr_gradient([A(i,j), B(i,j)], x, y);
+        U(i,j) = grad(1);
+        V(i,j) = grad(2);   
+        
+    end
+end
+colormap('jet');
+
+surf(A,B,E, 'FaceAlpha',.5);

statistics/matlab/my_gradient_descent.m

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+close all
+clear
+
+m = 50;
+arange = linspace(0,1,m);
+brange = linspace(.5,1.5, m);
+
+[A,B] = meshgrid(arange, brange);
+
+E = 0*A;
+
+x = linspace(-5,5,20);
+y = .5*x + 1 + randn(1, length(x));
+
+U = 0*A;
+V = 0*A;
+
+
+for i = 1:m
+    for j = 1:m
+        E(i,j) = lserr([A(i,j), B(i,j)], x, y);
+        grad = lserr_gradient([A(i,j), B(i,j)], x, y);
+        U(i,j) = grad(1);
+        V(i,j) = grad(2);   
+        
+    end
+end
+colormap('gray');
+
+subplot(1,2,1);
+hold on
+surf(A,B,E, 'FaceAlpha',.5);
+shading interp
+pause
+subplot(1,2,2);
+plot(x,y,'ok');
+
+%%
+
+t = linspace(-5,5,100);
+param0 = [0,0];
+step = 0.01;
+param = param0;
+
+
+for i = 1:100
+    err = lserr(param, x, y);
+    derr = lserr_gradient(param, x, y);
+    subplot(1,2,1);
+    plot3(param(1), param(2), err,'or');
+
+    subplot(1,2,2);
+    hold off
+    plot(x,y,'ok');
+    hold on
+    plot(t, param(1)*t + param(2), '--k', 'LineWidth',2);
+    pause(0.2);
+    param = param - step*derr;
+    
+end
+
+hold off

statistics/matlab/mypower.m

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+close all
+clear all
+load thymusglandweights.dat
+
+literature_mean = 34.3;
+
+x = thymusglandweights;
+n = length(x);
+y = x - mean(x) + literature_mean;
+
+m = 2000;
+me_null = zeros(m,1);
+me_h1 = zeros(m,1);
+for i = 1:m
+    me_null(i) = mean(y(randi(n,n,1)));
+    me_h1(i) = mean(x(randi(n,n,1)));
+end
+
+bins = linspace(34,35,100);
+
+null = hist(me_null, bins);
+h1 = hist(me_h1, bins);
+bar(bins, null, 'FaceColor',[.3,.3,.3]);
+hold on
+bar(bins, h1, 'FaceColor',[.7,.7,.7]);
+mu = mean(x);
+plot([mu,mu],[0,200],'--r','LineWidth',3);
+xlabel('thymus gland weights [g]');
+ylabel('frequency');
+title('bootstrapped null distribution');
+hold off
+
+% 5% significance boundaries
+low = quantile(me_null,0.025);
+high =  quantile(me_null,0.975);
+disp(['the 5% boundaries are: ', num2str(low), ' ', num2str(high)]);
+
+hold on
+plot([low,low],[0,200],'--g','LineWidth',3);
+plot([high,high],[0,200],'--g','LineWidth',3);
+hold off
+
+idx = abs(me_h1-literature_mean) > abs(literature_mean - low);
+pow = mean(idx);
+h1positive = hist(me_h1(idx), bins);
+hold on
+bar(bins, h1positive, 'FaceColor','g');
+hold off
+

statistics/matlab/plot_error_surface.m

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+close all;
+clear;
+
+m = 50;
+arange = linspace(0,1,m);
+brange = linspace(.5,1.5, m);
+
+[A,B] = meshgrid(arange, brange);
+
+E = 0*A;
+
+x = linspace(-5,5,20);
+y = .5*x + 1 + randn(1, length(x));
+
+U = 0*A;
+V = 0*A;
+
+
+for i = 1:m
+    for j = 1:m
+        E(i,j) = lserr([A(i,j), B(i,j)], x, y);
+        grad = lserr_gradient([A(i,j), B(i,j)], x, y);
+        U(i,j) = grad(1);
+        V(i,j) = grad(2);   
+        
+    end
+end
+colormap('jet');
+
+surf(A,B,E, 'FaceAlpha',.5);
+%shading interp;
+hold on
+contour(A,B,E, 50, 'LineColor', 'k')
+quiver(A,B,U,V);
+xlabel('a'); 
+ylabel('b');
+zlabel('mean square error')
+axis([0,1,.5,1.5])

statistics/matlab/tests.m

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ y = x - mean(x) + literature_mean;
 m = 2000;
 me = zeros(m,1);
 for i = 1:m
-    me(i) = median(y(randi(n,n,1)));
+    me(i) = mean(y(randi(n,n,1)));
 end
 
 hist(me, 50);

statistics/matlab/winners_curse.m

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+load thymusglandweights.dat
+
+n = 10;
+
+x = thymusglandweights;
+
+m = 5000;
+for i = 1:m
+    idx = randi(length(x), n,1);
+    y = x(idx);
+    [h,p] = ttest(y, 34.3);
+    
+    if h == 1
+        disp(['p-value: ', num2str(p)]);
+        disp(['mu: ', num2str(mean(y))]);
+        disp(['mu total: ', num2str(mean(x))]);
+        break
+    end
+end
+
+