ALMOST finished the methods section.

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j-hartling
2026-05-15 16:45:51 +02:00
parent cbd0af7a5f
commit 155fb1eecf
46 changed files with 561 additions and 450 deletions

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[0] Config.pm:307> INFO - This is Biber 2.19 [0] Config.pm:307> INFO - This is Biber 2.19
[0] Config.pm:310> INFO - Logfile is 'main.blg' [0] Config.pm:310> INFO - Logfile is 'main.blg'
[36] biber:340> INFO - === Do Mai 14, 2026, 14:31:13 [36] biber:340> INFO - === Fr Mai 15, 2026, 16:11:10
[43] Biber.pm:419> INFO - Reading 'main.bcf' [45] Biber.pm:419> INFO - Reading 'main.bcf'
[72] Biber.pm:979> INFO - Found 55 citekeys in bib section 0 [73] Biber.pm:979> INFO - Found 55 citekeys in bib section 0
[78] Biber.pm:4419> INFO - Processing section 0 [79] Biber.pm:4419> INFO - Processing section 0
[82] Biber.pm:4610> INFO - Looking for bibtex file 'cite.bib' for section 0 [83] Biber.pm:4610> INFO - Looking for bibtex file 'cite.bib' for section 0
[84] bibtex.pm:1713> INFO - LaTeX decoding ... [85] bibtex.pm:1713> INFO - LaTeX decoding ...
[114] bibtex.pm:1519> INFO - Found BibTeX data source 'cite.bib' [116] bibtex.pm:1519> INFO - Found BibTeX data source 'cite.bib'
[292] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'variable = shifted' with 'variable = non-ignorable' [289] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'variable = shifted' with 'variable = non-ignorable'
[292] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'normalization = NFD' with 'normalization = prenormalized' [289] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'normalization = NFD' with 'normalization = prenormalized'
[292] Biber.pm:4239> INFO - Sorting list 'nyt/global//global/global' of type 'entry' with template 'nyt' and locale 'en-US' [289] Biber.pm:4239> INFO - Sorting list 'nyt/global//global/global' of type 'entry' with template 'nyt' and locale 'en-US'
[292] Biber.pm:4245> INFO - No sort tailoring available for locale 'en-US' [289] Biber.pm:4245> INFO - No sort tailoring available for locale 'en-US'
[316] bbl.pm:660> INFO - Writing 'main.bbl' with encoding 'UTF-8' [312] bbl.pm:660> INFO - Writing 'main.bbl' with encoding 'UTF-8'
[328] bbl.pm:763> INFO - Output to main.bbl [322] bbl.pm:763> INFO - Output to main.bbl
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 10, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 10, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 21, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 21, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 38, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 38, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 49, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 49, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 58, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 58, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 73, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 73, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 82, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 82, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 91, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 91, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 100, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 100, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 109, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 109, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 118, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 118, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 127, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 127, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 136, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 136, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 157, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 157, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 178, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 178, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 187, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 187, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 196, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 196, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 207, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 207, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 218, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 218, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 229, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 229, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 240, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 240, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 249, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 249, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 258, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 258, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 269, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 269, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 278, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 278, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 289, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 289, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 300, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 300, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 309, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 309, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 328, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 328, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 337, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 337, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 400, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 400, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 419, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 419, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 428, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 428, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 437, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 437, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 456, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 456, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 491, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 491, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 526, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 526, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 535, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 535, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 556, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 556, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 565, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 565, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 576, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 576, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 587, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 587, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 619, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 619, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 648, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 648, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 658, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 658, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 667, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 667, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 688, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 688, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 709, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 709, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 720, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 720, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 729, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 729, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 749, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 749, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 766, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 766, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 775, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 775, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 800, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 800, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 817, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel [323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 817, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel
[329] Biber.pm:133> INFO - WARNINGS: 55 [323] Biber.pm:133> INFO - WARNINGS: 55

View File

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
# Fdb version 4 # Fdb version 4
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"cite.bib" 1770904753.08918 27483 4290db0c91f7b5055e25472ef913f6b4 "" "cite.bib" 1770904753.08918 27483 4290db0c91f7b5055e25472ef913f6b4 ""
"main.bcf" 1778762160.27779 112931 2a478116d80ebb1ada7083a24facd6e3 "pdflatex" "main.bcf" 1778855452.67652 112931 2a478116d80ebb1ada7083a24facd6e3 "pdflatex"
(generated) (generated)
"main.bbl" "main.bbl"
"main.blg" "main.blg"
(rewritten before read) (rewritten before read)
["pdflatex"] 1778762159.28231 "/home/hartling/phd/paper/paper_2025/main.tex" "main.pdf" "main" 1778762160.34733 0 ["pdflatex"] 1778855451.65459 "/home/hartling/phd/paper/paper_2025/main.tex" "main.pdf" "main" 1778855452.74875 0
"/etc/texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf" 1761560044.43676 475 c0e671620eb5563b2130f56340a5fde8 "" "/etc/texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf" 1761560044.43676 475 c0e671620eb5563b2130f56340a5fde8 ""
"/home/hartling/phd/paper/paper_2025/main.tex" 1778762159.1598 101841 7a248950debf0a60cef66a3b020fbccc "" "/home/hartling/phd/paper/paper_2025/main.tex" 1778855451.52153 102661 7cb6fc878c1e09edca0dac40f59ca377 ""
"/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/map/fontname/texfonts.map" 1577235249 3524 cb3e574dea2d1052e39280babc910dc8 "" "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/map/fontname/texfonts.map" 1577235249 3524 cb3e574dea2d1052e39280babc910dc8 ""
"/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/jknappen/ec/tcrm1200.tfm" 1136768653 1536 74b7293ec3713bb7fdca8dd1bd1f469c "" "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/jknappen/ec/tcrm1200.tfm" 1136768653 1536 74b7293ec3713bb7fdca8dd1bd1f469c ""
"/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/amsfonts/cmextra/cmex7.tfm" 1246382020 1004 54797486969f23fa377b128694d548df "" "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/amsfonts/cmextra/cmex7.tfm" 1246382020 1004 54797486969f23fa377b128694d548df ""
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
"/usr/share/texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf" 1707919699 40399 f2c302f7d2af602abb742093540a5834 "" "/usr/share/texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf" 1707919699 40399 f2c302f7d2af602abb742093540a5834 ""
"/var/lib/texmf/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map" 1761648465.84635 5472669 54eaf61a88b6b7896ebd0dac973cb29c "" "/var/lib/texmf/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map" 1761648465.84635 5472669 54eaf61a88b6b7896ebd0dac973cb29c ""
"/var/lib/texmf/web2c/pdftex/pdflatex.fmt" 1761648508 8213325 7fd20752ab46ff9aa583e4973d7433df "" "/var/lib/texmf/web2c/pdftex/pdflatex.fmt" 1761648508 8213325 7fd20752ab46ff9aa583e4973d7433df ""
"figures/fig_auditory_pathway.pdf" 1771593904.14638 1153923 3df8539421fd21dc866cc8d320bd9b1d "" "figures/fig_auditory_pathway.pdf" 1778836753.2605 1158674 e294494154afb31410f455ee2916f4f8 ""
"figures/fig_feat_stages.pdf" 1777568594.52063 11308299 aa000e352d557e9395028dd7235cf375 "" "figures/fig_feat_stages.pdf" 1777568594.52063 11308299 aa000e352d557e9395028dd7235cf375 ""
"figures/fig_features_cross_species.pdf" 1778167576.33731 206101 cd143cc5c7c8c6d10323b077f6d09274 "" "figures/fig_features_cross_species.pdf" 1778167576.33731 206101 cd143cc5c7c8c6d10323b077f6d09274 ""
"figures/fig_invariance_cross_species_thresh_appendix.pdf" 1777568946.883 302422 5f33b50142db8b69ae9735c4aa8be688 "" "figures/fig_invariance_cross_species_thresh_appendix.pdf" 1777568946.883 302422 5f33b50142db8b69ae9735c4aa8be688 ""
@@ -178,10 +178,10 @@
"figures/fig_noise_env_sd_conversion_appendix.pdf" 1776328774.43347 45466 c2be20312c1572203bdbeb9c8e32525e "" "figures/fig_noise_env_sd_conversion_appendix.pdf" 1776328774.43347 45466 c2be20312c1572203bdbeb9c8e32525e ""
"figures/fig_pre_stages.pdf" 1777568592.25966 441645 7231cde61e83c7ce28a9e6cfaceac8d3 "" "figures/fig_pre_stages.pdf" 1777568592.25966 441645 7231cde61e83c7ce28a9e6cfaceac8d3 ""
"figures/fig_saturation_log-hp_appendix.pdf" 1777378621.26288 28579 137855d03bab8dc5f6d31b70d404e082 "" "figures/fig_saturation_log-hp_appendix.pdf" 1777378621.26288 28579 137855d03bab8dc5f6d31b70d404e082 ""
"main.aux" 1778762160.27179 28350 91d749df875c51f3e65f7d64fe1b0efd "pdflatex" "main.aux" 1778855452.67052 28422 e0c024369039c9e60d8c8789d2f69e28 "pdflatex"
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"main.run.xml" 1778762160.27879 2335 a049bc26a7f032e842ce55de5bc38328 "pdflatex" "main.run.xml" 1778855452.67752 2335 a049bc26a7f032e842ce55de5bc38328 "pdflatex"
"main.tex" 1778762159.1598 101841 7a248950debf0a60cef66a3b020fbccc "" "main.tex" 1778855451.52153 102661 7cb6fc878c1e09edca0dac40f59ca377 ""
(generated) (generated)
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@@ -79,18 +79,14 @@
\newcommand{\kf}{\omega} % Unspecific Gabor kernel frequency \newcommand{\kf}{\omega} % Unspecific Gabor kernel frequency
\newcommand{\kp}{\phi} % Unspecific Gabor kernel phase \newcommand{\kp}{\phi} % Unspecific Gabor kernel phase
\newcommand{\kn}{n} % Unspecific Gabor kernel lobe number \newcommand{\kn}{n} % Unspecific Gabor kernel lobe number
% \newcommand{\ks}{s} % Unspecific Gabor kernel sign
\newcommand{\kwi}{\kw_i} % Specific Gabor kernel width \newcommand{\kwi}{\kw_i} % Specific Gabor kernel width
\newcommand{\kfi}{\kf_i} % Specific Gabor kernel frequency \newcommand{\kfi}{\kf_i} % Specific Gabor kernel frequency
\newcommand{\kpi}{\kp_i} % Specific Gabor kernel phase \newcommand{\kpi}{\kp_i} % Specific Gabor kernel phase
\newcommand{\kni}{\kn_i} % Specific Gabor kernel lobe number \newcommand{\kni}{\kn_i} % Specific Gabor kernel lobe number
% \newcommand{\ksi}{\ks_i} % Specific Gabor kernel sign
% Math shorthands - Auxiliary kernel parameters: % Math shorthands - Auxiliary kernel parameters:
\newcommand{\fsin}{f_{\text{sin}}} % Carrier frequency \newcommand{\fdrm}{\text{FDRM}} % Gaussian full duration relative to maximum
\newcommand{\rh}{h_{\text{rel}}} % Relative Gaussian height for FWRH \newcommand{\rh}{h_{\text{rel}}} % Relative Gaussian height for FDRM calculation
\newcommand{\fwrh}{\text{FWRH}} % Gaussian full-width at relative height
\newcommand{\off}{\beta_0} % Offset for linear frequency approximation
% Math shorthands - Thresholding nonlinearity: % Math shorthands - Thresholding nonlinearity:
\newcommand{\thr}{\Theta_i} % Step function threshold value \newcommand{\thr}{\Theta_i} % Step function threshold value
@@ -287,6 +283,20 @@ approximation by basic mathematical operations. We then elaborate on the key
mechanisms that drive the emergence of intensity-invariant song representations mechanisms that drive the emergence of intensity-invariant song representations
within the auditory pathway. within the auditory pathway.
% RIPPED FROM RESULTS, MAYBE INTEGRATE SOMEWHERE HERE:
% The robustness of song recognition is tied to the degree of intensity
% invariance of the finalized feature representation. Ideally, the values of each
% feature should depend only on the relative amplitude dynamics of the song
% pattern but not on the overall intensity of the song. In the grasshopper, the
% emergence of intensity-invariant representations along the song recognition
% pathway likely is a distributed process that involves different neuronal
% populations, which raises the question of what the essential computational
% mechanisms are that drive this process. Within the model pathway, we identified
% two key mechanisms that render the song representation more invariant to
% intensity variations. The two mechanisms each comprise a nonlinear signal
% transformation followed by a linear signal transformation but differ in the
% specific operations involved, as outlined in the following sections.
% SCRAPPED UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE: % SCRAPPED UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE:
% Multi-species, multi-individual communally inhabited environments\\ % Multi-species, multi-individual communally inhabited environments\\
% - Temporal overlap: Simultaneous singing across individuals/species common\\ % - Temporal overlap: Simultaneous singing across individuals/species common\\
@@ -328,43 +338,38 @@ on PyPi.
\subsection{Functional model of the grasshopper song recognition pathway} \subsection{Functional model of the grasshopper song recognition pathway}
% Too long (no splitting, only pruning). The anatomical organisation of the grasshopper song recognition pathway can be
The essence of constructing a functional model of a given system is to gain a outlined as a feed-forward network of three consecutive neuronal
sufficient understanding of the system's essential structural components and populations~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:pathway}a-c): Peripheral auditory receptor neurons,
their presumed functional roles; and to then build a formal framework of whose axons enter the ventral nerve cord (VNC) at the level of the metathoracic
manageable complexity around these two aspects. Anatomically, the organization ganglion; local interneurons that remain exclusively within the thoracic region
of the grasshopper song recognition pathway can be outlined as a feed-forward of the VNC; and ascending neurons projecting from the thoracic region towards
network of three consecutive neuronal the supraesophageal ganglion (SEG), or central
populations~(Fig.\,\mbox{\ref{fig:pathway}a-c}): Peripheral auditory receptor brain~(\bcite{rehbein1974structure}; \bcite{rehbein1976auditory};
neurons, whose axons enter the ventral nerve cord at the level of the
metathoracic ganglion; local interneurons that remain exclusively within the
thoracic region of the ventral nerve cord; and ascending neurons projecting
from the thoracic region towards the supraesophageal
ganglion~(\bcite{rehbein1974structure}; \bcite{rehbein1976auditory};
\bcite{eichendorf1980projections}). The input to the network originates at the \bcite{eichendorf1980projections}). The input to the network originates at the
tympanal membrane, which acts as acoustic receiver and is coupled to the tympanal membrane, which acts as acoustic receiver and is coupled to the
dendritic endings of the receptor neurons~(\bcite{gray1960fine}). The outputs dendritic endings of the receptor neurons~(\bcite{gray1960fine}). The outputs
from the network converge in the supraesophageal ganglion, which is presumed to from the network converge in the SEG, which presumably harbors the neuronal
harbor the neuronal substrate for conspecific song recognition and response substrate for conspecific song recognition and response
initiation~(\bcite{ronacher1986routes}; \bcite{bauer1987separate}; initiation~(\bcite{ronacher1986routes}; \bcite{bauer1987separate};
\bcite{bhavsar2017brain}). Functionally, the ascending neurons are the most \bcite{bhavsar2017brain}).
diverse of the three populations along the pathway. Individual ascending
neurons possess highly specific response properties that contrast with the
rather homogeneous response properties of the preceding receptor neurons and
local interneurons~(\bcite{clemens2011efficient}), indicating a transition from
a uniform population-wide processing stream into several parallel branches.
Based on these anatomical and physiological considerations, the overall
structure of the model pathway is divided into two distinct
stages~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:pathway}d). The preprocessing stage incorporates the
known physiological processing steps at the levels of the tympanal membrane,
the receptor neurons, and the local interneurons; and operates on
one-dimensional signal representations. The feature extraction stage
corresponds to the processing within the ascending neurons and further
downstream towards the supraesophageal ganglion; and operates on
high-dimensional signal representations. The details of each physiological
processing step and its functional approximation within the two stages are
outlined in the following sections.
Functionally, the ascending neurons are the most diverse of the three neuronal
populations. Individual ascending neurons possess highly specific response
properties that contrast with the rather homogeneous response properties of the
preceding receptor neurons and local
interneurons~(\bcite{clemens2011efficient}), which indicates a transition from
a uniform population-wide processing stream into several parallel branches.
Accordingly, the model pathway is divided into two distinct
stages~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:pathway}d): The preprocessing stage incorporates the
processing steps at the levels of the tympanal membrane, the receptor neurons,
and the local interneurons; and operates on one-dimensional signal
representations~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_pre}). The feature extraction stage
corresponds to the processing within the ascending neurons and further
downstream towards the SEG; and operates on high-dimensional signal
representations~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_feat}). The details of each
physiological processing step and its functional approximation are described in
the following sections.
\begin{figure}[!ht] \begin{figure}[!ht]
\centering \centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/fig_auditory_pathway.pdf} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/fig_auditory_pathway.pdf}
@@ -389,53 +394,54 @@ outlined in the following sections.
\subsubsection{Population-driven signal preprocessing} \subsubsection{Population-driven signal preprocessing}
Grasshoppers receive airborne sound waves by a tympanal organ at either side of Grasshoppers receive airborne sound waves by a tympanal organ at each side of
the body. The tympanal membrane acts as a mechanical resonance filter for the body. The tympanal membrane acts as a mechanical resonance filter for
sound-induced vibrations~(\bcite{windmill2008time}; \bcite{malkin2014energy}). sound-induced vibrations~(\bcite{windmill2008time}; \bcite{malkin2014energy}).
Vibrations that fall within specific frequency bands are focused on different Vibrations that fall within specific frequency bands are focused on different
membrane areas, while others are attenuated. This processing step can be membrane areas, while others are attenuated. This processing step can be
approximated by an initial bandpass filter approximated by an initial bandpass filter~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_pre}a)
applied to the acoustic input signal $\raw(t)$:
\begin{equation} \begin{equation}
\filt(t)\,=\,\raw(t)\,*\,\bp, \qquad \fc\,=\,5\,\text{kHz},\,30\,\text{kHz} \filt(t)\,=\,\raw(t)\,*\,\bp, \qquad \fc\,=\,5\,\text{kHz},\,30\,\text{kHz}
\label{eq:bandpass} \label{eq:bandpass}
\end{equation} \end{equation}
applied to the acoustic input signal $\raw(t)$. The auditory receptor neurons The receptor neurons transduce the vibrations of the tympanal membrane into
transduce the vibrations of the tympanal membrane into sequences of action sequences of action potentials. They thereby encode the amplitude modulation,
potentials. Thereby, they encode the amplitude modulation, or envelope, of the or envelope, of the signal~(\bcite{machens2001discrimination}), which likely
signal~(\bcite{machens2001discrimination}), which likely involves a rectifying involves a rectifying nonlinearity~(\bcite{machens2001representation}). The
nonlinearity~(\bcite{machens2001representation}). This can be modelled as extraction of the signal envelope~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_pre}b) can be modelled
full-wave rectification followed by lowpass filtering as full-wave rectification followed by lowpass filtering of the tympanal signal
$\filt(t)$:
\begin{equation} \begin{equation}
\env(t)\,=\,|\filt(t)|\,*\,\lp, \qquad \fc\,=\,250\,\text{Hz} \env(t)\,=\,|\filt(t)|\,*\,\lp, \qquad \fc\,=\,250\,\text{Hz}
\label{eq:env} \label{eq:env}
\end{equation} \end{equation}
of the tympanal signal $\filt(t)$. Furthermore, the receptors exhibit a Furthermore, the receptors exhibit a sigmoidal response curve over
sigmoidal response curve over logarithmically compressed intensity logarithmically compressed stimulus intensities~(\bcite{suga1960peripheral};
levels~(\bcite{suga1960peripheral}; \bcite{gollisch2002energy}). In the model \bcite{gollisch2002energy}). In the model pathway, logarithmic
pathway, logarithmic compression is achieved by conversion to decibel scale compression~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_pre}c) is achieved by conversion to decibel
scale
\begin{equation} \begin{equation}
\db(t)\,=\,20\,\cdot\,\dec \frac{\env(t)}{\dbref}, \qquad \dbref\,=\,1 \db(t)\,=\,20\,\cdot\,\dec \frac{\env(t)}{\dbref}, \qquad \dbref\,=\,1
\label{eq:log} \label{eq:log}
\end{equation} \end{equation}
relative to the common reference intensity $\dbref$. relative to the common reference intensity $\dbref$. Both the receptor
Both the receptor neurons~(\bcite{romer1976informationsverarbeitung}; neurons~(\bcite{romer1976informationsverarbeitung}; \bcite{gollisch2004input};
\bcite{gollisch2004input}; \bcite{fisch2012channel}) and, on a larger scale, \bcite{fisch2012channel}) and, on a larger scale, the subsequent local
the subsequent local interneurons~(\bcite{hildebrandt2009origin}; interneurons~(\bcite{hildebrandt2009origin}; \bcite{clemens2010intensity})
\bcite{clemens2010intensity}) adapt their firing rates in response to sustained adapt their firing rates in response to sustained stimulus intensities, which
stimulus intensity levels, which allows for the robust encoding of faster allows for the robust encoding of faster amplitude modulations against a slowly
amplitude modulations against a slowly changing overall baseline intensity. changing overall baseline intensity. Functionally, the adaptation mechanism
Functionally, the adaptation mechanism resembles a highpass filter resembles a highpass filter~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_pre}d) over the
logarithmically compressed envelope $\db(t)$:
\begin{equation} \begin{equation}
\adapt(t)\,=\,\db(t)\,*\,\hp, \qquad \fc\,=\,10\,\text{Hz} \adapt(t)\,=\,\db(t)\,*\,\hp, \qquad \fc\,=\,10\,\text{Hz}
\label{eq:highpass} \label{eq:highpass}
\end{equation} \end{equation}
over the logarithmically scaled envelope $\db(t)$. This processing step This processing step concludes the preprocessing stage of the model pathway.
concludes the preprocessing stage of the model pathway. The resulting The resulting intensity-adapted envelope $\adapt(t)$ is then passed on from the
intensity-adapted envelope $\adapt(t)$ is then passed on from the local local interneurons to the ascending neurons, where it serves as the basis for
interneurons to the ascending neurons, where it serves as the basis for the the following feature extraction stage.
following feature extraction stage.
% Cite somewhere:
\begin{figure}[!ht] \begin{figure}[!ht]
\centering \centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/fig_pre_stages.pdf} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/fig_pre_stages.pdf}
@@ -453,59 +459,71 @@ following feature extraction stage.
\subsubsection{Feature extraction by individual neurons} \subsubsection{Feature extraction by individual neurons}
The ascending neurons extract and encode a number of different features of the The ascending neurons extract and encode a number of different features of the
preprocessed signal. As a population, they hence represent the signal in a preprocessed signal, and hence represent the signal in a higher-dimensional
higher-dimensional space than the preceding receptor neurons and local space than the preceding receptor neurons and local interneurons. Each
interneurons. Each ascending neuron is assumed to scan the signal for a ascending neuron is assumed to scan the signal for a specific template pattern,
specific template pattern, which can be thought of as a kernel of a particular which can be thought of as a kernel of a particular structure and on a
structure and on a particular time scale. This process, known as template particular time scale. This process, known as template matching, can be
matching, can be modelled as a convolution modelled as a convolution of the intensity-adapted envelope $\adapt(t)$ with a
kernel $k_i(t)$ specific to the $i$-th ascending neuron:
\begin{equation} \begin{equation}
c_i(t)\,=\,\adapt(t)\,*\,k_i(t) c_i(t)\,=\,\adapt(t)\,*\,k_i(t)
= \infint \adapt(\tau)\,\cdot\,k_i(t\,-\,\tau)\,d\tau = \infint \adapt(\tau)\,\cdot\,k_i(t\,-\,\tau)\,d\tau
\label{eq:conv} \label{eq:conv}
\end{equation} \end{equation}
of the intensity-adapted envelope $\adapt(t)$ with a kernel $k_i(t)$ per We use Gabor kernels as basis functions for creating different template
ascending neuron. We use Gabor kernels as basis functions for creating patterns. An arbitrary one-dimensional, real Gabor kernel is generated by
different template patterns. An arbitrary one-dimensional, real Gabor kernel is multiplication of a Gaussian envelope with standard deviation or kernel width
generated by multiplication of a Gaussian envelope and a sinusoidal carrier $\kwi$ and a sinusoidal carrier with frequency $\kfi$ and phase $\kpi$:
\begin{equation} \begin{equation}
k_i(t,\,\kwi,\,\kfi,\,\kpi)\,=\,e^{-\frac{t^{2}}{2{\kwi}^{2}}}\,\cdot\,\sin(\kfi\,t\,+\,\kpi), \qquad \kfi\,=\,2\pi\fsin k_i(t,\,\kwi,\,\kfi,\,\kpi)\,=\,e^{-\frac{t^{2}}{2{\kwi}^{2}}}\,\cdot\,\sin(\kfi\,t\,+\,\kpi), \qquad \kfi\,=\,2\pi f_{\text{sin}_i}
\label{eq:gabor} \label{eq:gabor}
\end{equation} \end{equation}
with Gaussian standard deviation or kernel width $\kwi$, carrier frequency Different combinations of $\kwi$ and $\kfi$ result in Gabor kernels with
$\kfi$, and carrier phase $\kpi$. Different combinations of $\kw$ and $\kf$ different lobe number $\kni$, which is the number of half-periods of the
result in Gabor kernels with different lobe number $\kn$, which is the number carrier that fit under the Gaussian envelope within reasonable limits of
of half-periods of the carrier that fit under the Gaussian envelope within attenuation. The time window under the Gaussian envelope that contains the
reasonable limits of attenuation. The interval under the Gaussian envelope that relevant lobes of the kernel can be defined as Gaussian full duration at height
contains the relevant lobes of the kernel can be defined as Gaussian full-width $\rh$ relative to the maximum of the Gaussian:
measured at relative peak height $\rh$
\begin{equation} \begin{equation}
\fwrh(\kw,\,\rh)\,=\,2\,\cdot\,\sqrt{-2\,\cdot\,\ln \rh}\cdot\,\kw, \qquad \rh\,\in\,(0,\,1] \fdrm(\kwi,\,\rh)\,=\,2\,\cdot\,\sqrt{-2\,\cdot\,\ln \rh}\cdot\,\kwi, \qquad \rh\,\in\,(0,\,1]
\label{eq:fdrm}
\end{equation}
% Yes, FDRM is a hideous acronym. Based on the common "full width at half
% maximum" (FWHM) and adjusted because "full duration at half maximum" (FDHM)
% is apparently preferred in a temporal context. Alternatively, "w_\text{gauss}"?
With this, an appropriate carrier frequency $\kfi$ for obtaining a Gabor kernel
with width $\kwi$ and desired lobe number $\kni$ can be approximated as
\begin{equation}
\kfi(\kni,\,\kwi,\,\rh)\,=\,\frac{0.5\,\cdot\,(\kni\,+\,\beta_0)}{\fdrm(\kwi,\,\rh)}, \qquad \kni\,\geq\,2\enspace\forall\enspace \kni\,\in\,\mathbb{Z}
\label{eq:gabor_freq}
\end{equation} \end{equation}
With this, an appropriate carrier frequency $\kf$ for obtaining a Gabor kernel
with width $\kw$ and desired lobe number $\kn$ can be approximated as
% \begin{equation} % \begin{equation}
% \kf(\kn,\,\fwrh)\,=\,\frac{0.5\,\cdot\,\kn\,+\,\off}{\fwrh}, \qquad \kn\,\geq\,2\enspace\forall\enspace \kn\,\in\,\mathbb{Z} % \kfi(\kni,\,\kwi,\,\rh)\,=\,\frac{0.5\,\cdot\,(\kni\,+\,\beta_0)}{2\,\cdot\,\sqrt{-2\,\cdot\,\ln \rh}\cdot\kwi}, \qquad \kni\,\geq\,2\enspace\forall\enspace \kni\,\in\,\mathbb{Z}
% \end{equation} % \end{equation}
\begin{equation} The relationship between $\kfi$ and $\kni$ is approximately linear except for
\kf(\kn,\,\kw,\,\rh)\,=\,\frac{\kn\,+\,\off}{4\,\cdot\,\sqrt{-2\,\cdot\,\ln \rh}}, \qquad \kn\,\geq\,2\enspace\forall\enspace \kn\,\in\,\mathbb{Z} small $\kni$. The offset term $\beta_0\approx0.5$ was added to balance the
\end{equation} amplitudes of the $\kni$ desired lobes of the kernel --- which should be
where $\off$ is a small positive offset to the near-linear relationship between maximized --- against the amplitudes of the next-outer lobes, which should not
$\kf$ and $\kn$ to balance the amplitude of the $\kn$ desired lobes of the exceed the threshold value determined by $\rh$. Note that simple Gaussian
kernel --- which should be maximized --- against the amplitude of the kernels with $\kni=1$ can be obtained by setting the carrier frequency to
next-outer lobes, which should not exceed the threshold value determined by $\kfi=0$ and are hence not covered by Eq.\,\ref{eq:gabor_freq}.
$\rh$. For $\kn=1$, carrier frequency $\kf$ is set to zero, which results in a
simple Gaussian kernel. Carrier phase $\kp$ determines the position of the Carrier phase $\kpi$ determines the position of the kernel lobes relative to
kernel lobes relative to the kernel center. By setting $\kp$ to one of only the kernel center. We restrict the Gabor kernels to be either even or odd
four specific phase values~(Tab.\,\ref{tab:gabor_phases}), we restrict the functions by setting $\kpi$ to one of only four specific phase
Gabor kernels to be either even functions~(mirror-symmetric, uneven $\kn$) or values~(Tab.\,\ref{tab:gabor_phases}). Even Gabor kernels are mirror-symmetric
odd functions~(point-symmetric, even $\kn$) with either positive or negative with uneven $\kni$, whereas odd Gabor kernels are point-symmetric with even
sign, which refers to the sign of the kernel's central lobe (even kernels) or $\kni$. Both even and odd kernels can have either positive or negative sign,
the left of the two central lobes (odd kernels). which refers to the sign of the kernel's central lobe (even kernels) or the
left of the two central lobes (odd kernels). These four major groups of Gabor
kernels allow for the extraction of different types of signal features, such as
the presence of peaks (even, $+$), troughs (even, $-$), onsets (odd, $+$), and
offsets (odd, $-$) at various time scales.
\FloatBarrier \FloatBarrier
\begin{table}[!ht] \begin{table}[!ht]
\centering \centering
\captionsetup{width=.46\textwidth} \captionsetup{width=.45\textwidth}
\caption{Values of phase $\kp$ that are specific for the four major groups \caption{Values of phase $\kp$ that are specific for the four major groups
of Gabor kernels.} of Gabor kernels.}
\begin{tabular}{|ccc|} \begin{tabular}{|ccc|}
@@ -519,13 +537,10 @@ the left of the two central lobes (odd kernels).
\label{tab:gabor_phases} \label{tab:gabor_phases}
\end{table} \end{table}
\FloatBarrier \FloatBarrier
These four major groups of Gabor kernels allow for the extraction of different Following the convolutional template matching~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_feat}a),
types of signal features, such as the presence of peaks (even, $+$), troughs each kernel-specific response $c_i(t)$ is passed through a shifted Heaviside
(even, $-$), onsets (odd, $+$), and offsets (odd, $-$) at various time scales. step-function $\nl$ with threshold value $\thr$ to obtain a binary
% Add kernel normalization here. response~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_feat}b):
Following the convolutional template matching, each kernel-specific response
$c_i(t)$ is passed through a shifted Heaviside step-function $\nl$ with
threshold value $\thr$ to obtain a binary response
\begin{equation} \begin{equation}
b_i(t,\,\thr)\,=\,\begin{cases} b_i(t,\,\thr)\,=\,\begin{cases}
\;1, \quad c_i(t)\,>\,\thr\\ \;1, \quad c_i(t)\,>\,\thr\\
@@ -533,12 +548,12 @@ threshold value $\thr$ to obtain a binary response
\end{cases} \end{cases}
\label{eq:binary} \label{eq:binary}
\end{equation} \end{equation}
which can be thought of as a categorization into "relevant" and "irrelevant" The thresholding of $c_i(t)$ into $b_i(t)$ can be thought of as a
response values. In the grasshopper, these thresholding nonlinearities might categorization into "relevant" and "irrelevant" response values.
either be part of the processing within the ascending neurons or take place % It is unclear whether such a thresholding nonlinearity is actually implemented
further downstream~(SOURCE). Finally, the responses of the ascending neurons % either by the ascending neurons or at some point further downstream in the SEG.
are assumed to be integrated somewhere in the supraesophageal Finally, the responses of the ascending neurons are assumed to be integrated
ganglion~(\bcite{ronacher1986routes}; \bcite{bauer1987separate}; somewhere in the SEG~(\bcite{ronacher1986routes}; \bcite{bauer1987separate};
\bcite{bhavsar2017brain}). This processing step can be approximated as temporal \bcite{bhavsar2017brain}). This processing step can be approximated as temporal
averaging of the binary responses $b_i(t)$ by a lowpass filter averaging of the binary responses $b_i(t)$ by a lowpass filter
\begin{equation} \begin{equation}
@@ -752,26 +767,23 @@ array was moved as close to the grasshopper as possible without interrupting
its song production, which amounts to an approximate offset distance of 10\,cm its song production, which amounts to an approximate offset distance of 10\,cm
between the animal and the leading microphone. Care was taken to maintain a between the animal and the leading microphone. Care was taken to maintain a
stable position and height of the microphone array during recording. The stable position and height of the microphone array during recording. The
resulting recordings were then processed through the model pathway and analysed resulting recordings were then processed through the model pathway and analyzed
according to the procedure described in Section~\ref{sec:intensity_measures}. according to the procedure described in Section~\ref{sec:intensity_measures}.
\section{Results} \section{Results}
\subsection{Mechanisms driving the emergence of intensity invariance} \subsection{Mechanisms driving the emergence of intensity invariance}
% Still missing the SNR analysis. Should be able to write around it for now. It is not necessary to test each processing step along the model pathway for
The robustness of song recognition is tied to the degree of intensity intensity invariance. Instead, we can focus on those steps that involve
invariance of the finalized feature representation. Ideally, the values of each nonlinear transformations, since these are the only steps that can potentially
feature should depend only on the relative amplitude dynamics of the song change the dependency on scale $\sca$ between the input and output
pattern but not on the overall intensity of the song. In the grasshopper, the representations. Overall, there are three nonlinear transformations along the
emergence of intensity-invariant representations along the song recognition model pathway: Full-wave rectification during envelope extraction, logarithmic
pathway likely is a distributed process that involves different neuronal compression, and the thresholding nonlinearity during feature extraction. In
populations, which raises the question of what the essential computational the following, we analyze the effects of each of these transformations on the
mechanisms are that drive this process. Within the model pathway, we identified intensity and SNR of the resulting representations as well as their potential
two key mechanisms that render the song representation more invariant to contribution to intensity invariance.
intensity variations. The two mechanisms each comprise a nonlinear signal
transformation followed by a linear signal transformation but differ in the
specific operations involved, as outlined in the following sections.
\subsubsection{Full-wave rectification \& lowpass filtering} \subsubsection{Full-wave rectification \& lowpass filtering}

View File

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ texts = {
'model_titles_logarithm': ('Logarithmic\nCompression', title_props), 'model_titles_logarithm': ('Logarithmic\nCompression', title_props),
'model_titles_adaptation': ('Intensity\nAdaptation', title_props), 'model_titles_adaptation': ('Intensity\nAdaptation', title_props),
'model_titles_convolution': ('Convolutional\nFiltering', title_props), 'model_titles_convolution': ('Convolutional\nFiltering', title_props),
'model_titles_nonlinear': ('Threshold\nNonlinearity', title_props), 'model_titles_nonlinear': ('Thresholding\nNonlinearity', title_props),
'model_titles_integration': ('Temporal\nAveraging', title_props), 'model_titles_integration': ('Temporal\nAveraging', title_props),
'model_titles_readout': ('Weighted\nReadout', title_props), 'model_titles_readout': ('Weighted\nReadout', title_props),
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ texts = {
# ELEMENT LABELS (MODEL CIRCUIT): # ELEMENT LABELS (MODEL CIRCUIT):
'model_elements_filt': (r'$x_{\text{filt}}$', element_props), 'model_elements_filt': (r'$x_{\text{filt}}$', element_props),
'model_elements_env': (r'$x_{\text{env}}$', element_props), 'model_elements_env': (r'$x_{\text{env}}$', element_props),
'model_elements_log': (r'$x_{\text{dB}}$', element_props), 'model_elements_log': (r'$x_{\text{log}}$', element_props),
'model_elements_adapt': (r'$x_{\text{adapt}}$', element_props), 'model_elements_adapt': (r'$x_{\text{adapt}}$', element_props),
'model_elements_c1': (r'$c_1$', element_props), 'model_elements_c1': (r'$c_1$', element_props),
'model_elements_c2': (r'$c_2$', element_props), 'model_elements_c2': (r'$c_2$', element_props),
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ texts = {
# LINE LABELS (MODEL CIRCUIT): # LINE LABELS (MODEL CIRCUIT):
'model_lines_env': (r'$\lvert\cdot\lvert,h_{\text{LP}}$', line_props), 'model_lines_env': (r'$\lvert\cdot\lvert,h_{\text{LP}}$', line_props),
'model_lines_log': (r'$\text{log}$', line_props), 'model_lines_log': (r'$\text{dB}$', line_props),
'model_lines_hp': (r'$h_{\text{HP}}$', line_props), 'model_lines_hp': (r'$h_{\text{HP}}$', line_props),
'model_lines_k1': (r'$k_1$', line_props), 'model_lines_k1': (r'$k_1$', line_props),
'model_lines_k2': (r'$k_2$', line_props), 'model_lines_k2': (r'$k_2$', line_props),