diff --git a/figures/fig_auditory_pathway.pdf b/figures/fig_auditory_pathway.pdf index c28923b..d5bff4d 100644 Binary files a/figures/fig_auditory_pathway.pdf and b/figures/fig_auditory_pathway.pdf differ diff --git a/figures/fig_auditory_pathway.pdf_tex b/figures/fig_auditory_pathway.pdf_tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25642a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/figures/fig_auditory_pathway.pdf_tex @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +%% Creator: Inkscape 1.2.2 (b0a8486541, 2022-12-01), www.inkscape.org +%% PDF/EPS/PS + LaTeX output extension by Johan Engelen, 2010 +%% Accompanies image file 'fig_auditory_pathway.pdf' (pdf, eps, ps) +%% +%% To include the image in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{.pdf_tex} +%% instead of +%% \includegraphics{.pdf} +%% To scale the image, write +%% \def\svgwidth{} +%% \input{.pdf_tex} +%% instead of +%% \includegraphics[width=]{.pdf} +%% +%% Images with a different path to the parent latex file can +%% be accessed with the `import' package (which may need to be +%% installed) using +%% \usepackage{import} +%% in the preamble, and then including the image with +%% \import{}{.pdf_tex} +%% Alternatively, one can specify +%% \graphicspath{{/}} +%% +%% For more information, please see info/svg-inkscape on CTAN: +%% http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/svg-inkscape +%% +\begingroup% + \makeatletter% + \providecommand\color[2][]{% + \errmessage{(Inkscape) Color is used for the text in Inkscape, but the package 'color.sty' is not loaded}% + \renewcommand\color[2][]{}% + }% + \providecommand\transparent[1]{% + \errmessage{(Inkscape) Transparency is used (non-zero) for the text in Inkscape, but the package 'transparent.sty' is not loaded}% + \renewcommand\transparent[1]{}% + }% + \providecommand\rotatebox[2]{#2}% + \newcommand*\fsize{\dimexpr\f@size pt\relax}% + \newcommand*\lineheight[1]{\fontsize{\fsize}{#1\fsize}\selectfont}% + \ifx\svgwidth\undefined% + \setlength{\unitlength}{583.3700798bp}% + \ifx\svgscale\undefined% + \relax% + \else% + \setlength{\unitlength}{\unitlength * \real{\svgscale}}% + \fi% + \else% + \setlength{\unitlength}{\svgwidth}% + \fi% + \global\let\svgwidth\undefined% + \global\let\svgscale\undefined% + \makeatother% + \begin{picture}(1,1.07142858)% + \lineheight{1}% + \setlength\tabcolsep{0pt}% + \put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=\unitlength,page=1]{fig_auditory_pathway.pdf}}% + \end{picture}% +\endgroup% diff --git a/figures/fig_auditory_pathway.svg b/figures/fig_auditory_pathway.svg index 32ec2f6..3818bb8 100644 --- a/figures/fig_auditory_pathway.svg +++ b/figures/fig_auditory_pathway.svg @@ -913,7 +913,8 @@ inkscape:label="Envelope" /> - 2026-02-20T11:12:00.540038 + 2026-05-15T11:14:08.388729 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_elements_b1_text.svg b/figures/model_elements_b1_text.svg index a7c09de..7cb6eca 100644 --- a/figures/model_elements_b1_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_elements_b1_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:01.272708 + 2026-05-15T11:14:11.016518 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_elements_b2_text.svg b/figures/model_elements_b2_text.svg index 3ea722b..ec8a204 100644 --- a/figures/model_elements_b2_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_elements_b2_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:01.458206 + 2026-05-15T11:14:11.485460 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_elements_b3_text.svg b/figures/model_elements_b3_text.svg index 9431e4a..dc3b833 100644 --- a/figures/model_elements_b3_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_elements_b3_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:01.664015 + 2026-05-15T11:14:11.997233 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_elements_c1_text.svg b/figures/model_elements_c1_text.svg index e5267ba..56f3da6 100644 --- a/figures/model_elements_c1_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_elements_c1_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:00.704479 + 2026-05-15T11:14:09.236969 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_elements_c2_text.svg b/figures/model_elements_c2_text.svg index 9701deb..398bb9d 100644 --- a/figures/model_elements_c2_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_elements_c2_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:00.888075 + 2026-05-15T11:14:10.004518 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_elements_c3_text.svg b/figures/model_elements_c3_text.svg index 90699f1..352516d 100644 --- a/figures/model_elements_c3_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_elements_c3_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:01.081061 + 2026-05-15T11:14:10.534596 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_elements_env_text.svg b/figures/model_elements_env_text.svg index 1ee0d3b..7b57177 100644 --- a/figures/model_elements_env_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_elements_env_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:00.152474 + 2026-05-15T11:14:05.949259 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_elements_f1_text.svg b/figures/model_elements_f1_text.svg index 8685b19..f928561 100644 --- a/figures/model_elements_f1_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_elements_f1_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:01.930124 + 2026-05-15T11:14:12.508740 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_elements_f2_text.svg b/figures/model_elements_f2_text.svg index 273faee..cf9d489 100644 --- a/figures/model_elements_f2_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_elements_f2_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:02.202317 + 2026-05-15T11:14:12.998239 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_elements_f3_text.svg b/figures/model_elements_f3_text.svg index 885d920..05af26c 100644 --- a/figures/model_elements_f3_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_elements_f3_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:02.569598 + 2026-05-15T11:14:13.561378 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_elements_filt_text.svg b/figures/model_elements_filt_text.svg index 2e794a3..7d308cb 100644 --- a/figures/model_elements_filt_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_elements_filt_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:11:59.671176 + 2026-05-15T11:14:05.168849 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_elements_log_text.svg b/figures/model_elements_log_text.svg index 1beb08a..e23aa25 100644 --- a/figures/model_elements_log_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_elements_log_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:00.344132 + 2026-05-15T11:14:06.798707 image/svg+xml @@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ - - + + - - + - - + + + diff --git a/figures/model_elements_out_text.svg b/figures/model_elements_out_text.svg index b04dc42..3a76933 100644 --- a/figures/model_elements_out_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_elements_out_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:02.896819 + 2026-05-15T11:14:14.054520 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_lines_env_text.svg b/figures/model_lines_env_text.svg index e093dfb..d485784 100644 --- a/figures/model_lines_env_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_lines_env_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:03.218748 + 2026-05-15T11:14:14.607498 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_lines_hp_text.svg b/figures/model_lines_hp_text.svg index bcdd4dd..f62d16c 100644 --- a/figures/model_lines_hp_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_lines_hp_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:03.911985 + 2026-05-15T11:14:17.062775 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_lines_k1_text.svg b/figures/model_lines_k1_text.svg index 542b9a6..23dc159 100644 --- a/figures/model_lines_k1_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_lines_k1_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:04.201735 + 2026-05-15T11:14:17.669005 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_lines_k2_text.svg b/figures/model_lines_k2_text.svg index f056925..8c46663 100644 --- a/figures/model_lines_k2_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_lines_k2_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:04.519996 + 2026-05-15T11:14:18.180485 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_lines_k3_text.svg b/figures/model_lines_k3_text.svg index e5be124..149c2bf 100644 --- a/figures/model_lines_k3_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_lines_k3_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:04.808175 + 2026-05-15T11:14:18.598472 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_lines_log_text.svg b/figures/model_lines_log_text.svg index 8ed0b96..1369445 100644 --- a/figures/model_lines_log_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_lines_log_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:03.625937 + 2026-05-15T11:14:15.670585 image/svg+xml @@ -22,82 +22,67 @@ - - + + - - - - - - + + diff --git a/figures/model_lines_lp_text.svg b/figures/model_lines_lp_text.svg index 71ebf66..f3e922f 100644 --- a/figures/model_lines_lp_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_lines_lp_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:06.082451 + 2026-05-15T11:14:20.308559 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_lines_t1_text.svg b/figures/model_lines_t1_text.svg index 12756b3..55bd819 100644 --- a/figures/model_lines_t1_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_lines_t1_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:05.153392 + 2026-05-15T11:14:19.004851 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_lines_t2_text.svg b/figures/model_lines_t2_text.svg index ab26183..cedf43b 100644 --- a/figures/model_lines_t2_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_lines_t2_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:05.479882 + 2026-05-15T11:14:19.439047 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_lines_t3_text.svg b/figures/model_lines_t3_text.svg index 6170618..6432d14 100644 --- a/figures/model_lines_t3_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_lines_t3_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:05.802290 + 2026-05-15T11:14:19.876265 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_lines_w1_text.svg b/figures/model_lines_w1_text.svg index e4e6aa1..00620a9 100644 --- a/figures/model_lines_w1_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_lines_w1_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:06.417043 + 2026-05-15T11:14:20.798748 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_lines_w2_text.svg b/figures/model_lines_w2_text.svg index a9d2695..8f76d96 100644 --- a/figures/model_lines_w2_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_lines_w2_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:06.753077 + 2026-05-15T11:14:21.260785 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_lines_w3_text.svg b/figures/model_lines_w3_text.svg index ce52086..3b06a75 100644 --- a/figures/model_lines_w3_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_lines_w3_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:12:07.035908 + 2026-05-15T11:14:21.702802 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_titles_adaptation_text.svg b/figures/model_titles_adaptation_text.svg index f0299b3..c5fec1a 100644 --- a/figures/model_titles_adaptation_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_titles_adaptation_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:11:55.863614 + 2026-05-15T11:13:55.061355 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_titles_bandpass_text.svg b/figures/model_titles_bandpass_text.svg index 685adec..2a70965 100644 --- a/figures/model_titles_bandpass_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_titles_bandpass_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:11:55.281562 + 2026-05-15T11:13:52.155530 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_titles_convolution_text.svg b/figures/model_titles_convolution_text.svg index 9e30584..7293d7d 100644 --- a/figures/model_titles_convolution_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_titles_convolution_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:11:56.328193 + 2026-05-15T11:13:56.045574 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_titles_envelope_text.svg b/figures/model_titles_envelope_text.svg index e7a4370..23d88a0 100644 --- a/figures/model_titles_envelope_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_titles_envelope_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:11:55.465104 + 2026-05-15T11:13:53.356851 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_titles_integration_text.svg b/figures/model_titles_integration_text.svg index ce48c96..b460b90 100644 --- a/figures/model_titles_integration_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_titles_integration_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:11:56.969340 + 2026-05-15T11:14:03.245406 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_titles_logarithm_text.svg b/figures/model_titles_logarithm_text.svg index 65dd230..8d784e4 100644 --- a/figures/model_titles_logarithm_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_titles_logarithm_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:11:55.650231 + 2026-05-15T11:13:54.093772 image/svg+xml diff --git a/figures/model_titles_nonlinear_text.svg b/figures/model_titles_nonlinear_text.svg index 4c74bf2..d46705c 100644 --- a/figures/model_titles_nonlinear_text.svg +++ b/figures/model_titles_nonlinear_text.svg @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - 2026-02-20T11:11:56.631955 + 2026-05-15T11:13:57.100708 image/svg+xml @@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 2026-02-20T11:11:57.322479 + 2026-05-15T11:14:03.998140 image/svg+xml diff --git a/main.aux b/main.aux index 063a941..bb281ef 100644 --- a/main.aux +++ b/main.aux @@ -166,13 +166,13 @@ \abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{bauer1987separate} \abx@aux@cite{0}{bhavsar2017brain} \abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{bhavsar2017brain} -\abx@aux@cite{0}{clemens2011efficient} -\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{clemens2011efficient} \abx@aux@page{47}{4} \abx@aux@page{48}{4} \abx@aux@page{49}{4} \abx@aux@page{50}{4} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Methods}{4}{}\protected@file@percent } +\abx@aux@cite{0}{clemens2011efficient} +\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{clemens2011efficient} \abx@aux@cite{0}{windmill2008time} \abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{windmill2008time} \abx@aux@cite{0}{malkin2014energy} @@ -234,6 +234,8 @@ \abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{bauer1987separate} \abx@aux@cite{0}{bhavsar2017brain} \abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{bhavsar2017brain} +\newlabel{eq:fdrm}{{7}{9}{}{}{}} +\newlabel{eq:gabor_freq}{{8}{9}{}{}{}} \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces Values of phase $\phi $ that are specific for the four major groups of Gabor kernels.}}{9}{}\protected@file@percent } \newlabel{tab:gabor_phases}{{1}{9}{}{}{}} \newlabel{eq:binary}{{9}{9}{}{}{}} @@ -248,13 +250,13 @@ \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces Overview of the six grasshopper species from the \textit {Gomphocerinae} sub-family, the number of sources per species, the number of available recordings across sources, and the number of isolated songs across recordings.}}{11}{}\protected@file@percent } \newlabel{tab:species_list}{{2}{11}{}{}{}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.2.2}Generation of synthetic input signals}{11}{}\protected@file@percent } -\newlabel{eq:noiseless}{{11}{11}{}{}{}} +\newlabel{eq:noiseless}{{11}{12}{}{}{}} \newlabel{eq:noisy}{{12}{12}{}{}{}} \newlabel{eq:input_snr}{{13}{12}{}{}{}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.2.3}Quantifying signal intensity across representations}{12}{}\protected@file@percent } \newlabel{sec:intensity_measures}{{2.2.3}{12}{}{}{}} \newlabel{eq:input_ratio}{{14}{13}{}{}{}} -\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}Field data-based analysis of the model pathway}{13}{}\protected@file@percent } +\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}Field data-based analysis of the model pathway}{14}{}\protected@file@percent } \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Results}{14}{}\protected@file@percent } \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Mechanisms driving the emergence of intensity invariance}{14}{}\protected@file@percent } \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.1.1}Full-wave rectification \& lowpass filtering}{14}{}\protected@file@percent } diff --git a/main.blg b/main.blg index 5f773e0..94af8be 100644 --- a/main.blg +++ b/main.blg @@ -1,71 +1,71 @@ [0] Config.pm:307> INFO - 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BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 82, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 91, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 100, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 109, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 118, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 127, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 136, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 157, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 178, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 187, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 196, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 207, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 218, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 229, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 240, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 249, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 258, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 269, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 278, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 289, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 300, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 309, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 328, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 337, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 400, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 419, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 428, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 437, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 456, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 491, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 526, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 535, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 556, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 565, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[328] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 576, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 587, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 619, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 648, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 658, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 667, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 688, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 709, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 720, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 729, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 749, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 766, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 775, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 800, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_CAWg/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_89475.utf8, line 817, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[329] Biber.pm:133> INFO - WARNINGS: 55 +[36] biber:340> INFO - === Fr Mai 15, 2026, 16:11:10 +[45] Biber.pm:419> INFO - Reading 'main.bcf' +[73] Biber.pm:979> INFO - Found 55 citekeys in bib section 0 +[79] Biber.pm:4419> INFO - Processing section 0 +[83] Biber.pm:4610> INFO - Looking for bibtex file 'cite.bib' for section 0 +[85] bibtex.pm:1713> INFO - LaTeX decoding ... +[116] bibtex.pm:1519> INFO - Found BibTeX data source 'cite.bib' +[289] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'variable = shifted' with 'variable = non-ignorable' +[289] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'normalization = NFD' with 'normalization = prenormalized' +[289] Biber.pm:4239> INFO - Sorting list 'nyt/global//global/global' of type 'entry' with template 'nyt' and locale 'en-US' +[289] Biber.pm:4245> INFO - No sort tailoring available for locale 'en-US' +[312] bbl.pm:660> INFO - Writing 'main.bbl' with encoding 'UTF-8' +[322] bbl.pm:763> INFO - Output to main.bbl +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 10, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 21, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 38, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 49, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 58, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 73, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 82, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 91, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 100, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 109, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 118, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 127, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 136, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 157, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 178, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 187, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 196, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 207, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 218, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 229, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 240, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 249, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 258, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 269, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 278, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 289, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 300, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 309, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 328, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 337, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 400, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 419, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 428, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 437, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 456, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 491, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 526, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 535, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 556, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 565, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 576, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 587, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 619, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 648, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 658, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[322] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 667, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 688, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 709, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 720, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 729, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 749, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 766, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 775, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 800, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[323] Biber.pm:131> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_2sRz/347c261ec4135a5723bef5c751f5078f_24870.utf8, line 817, warning: 6 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[323] Biber.pm:133> INFO - WARNINGS: 55 diff --git a/main.fdb_latexmk b/main.fdb_latexmk index bdbc20a..32b4436 100644 --- a/main.fdb_latexmk +++ b/main.fdb_latexmk @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ # Fdb version 4 -["biber main"] 1778761873.38709 "main.bcf" "main.bbl" "main" 1778762160.34711 0 +["biber main"] 1778854270.16835 "main.bcf" "main.bbl" "main" 1778855452.74854 0 "cite.bib" 1770904753.08918 27483 4290db0c91f7b5055e25472ef913f6b4 "" - "main.bcf" 1778762160.27779 112931 2a478116d80ebb1ada7083a24facd6e3 "pdflatex" + "main.bcf" 1778855452.67652 112931 2a478116d80ebb1ada7083a24facd6e3 "pdflatex" (generated) "main.bbl" "main.blg" (rewritten before read) -["pdflatex"] 1778762159.28231 "/home/hartling/phd/paper/paper_2025/main.tex" "main.pdf" "main" 1778762160.34733 0 +["pdflatex"] 1778855451.65459 "/home/hartling/phd/paper/paper_2025/main.tex" "main.pdf" "main" 1778855452.74875 0 "/etc/texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf" 1761560044.43676 475 c0e671620eb5563b2130f56340a5fde8 "" - 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[41 <./figures/fig_kernel_sd_perc_field_appendix.pdf>] [42 <./figures/fig_invariance_cross_species_thresh_appendix.pdf>] (./main.aux) *********** @@ -921,14 +921,14 @@ Package logreq Info: Writing requests to 'main.run.xml'. ) Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: 20896 strings out of 474222 - 454210 string characters out of 5748732 + 454227 string characters out of 5748732 1937975 words of memory out of 5000000 42883 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 570077 words of font info for 81 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 1143 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 94i,18n,93p,1749b,1738s stack positions out of 10000i,1000n,20000p,200000b,200000s -Output written on main.pdf (42 pages, 33581775 bytes). +Output written on main.pdf (42 pages, 33586366 bytes). PDF statistics: 2622 PDF objects out of 2984 (max. 8388607) 1165 compressed objects within 12 object streams diff --git a/main.pdf b/main.pdf index cf4ec50..e031773 100644 Binary files a/main.pdf and b/main.pdf differ diff --git a/main.synctex.gz b/main.synctex.gz index d32096c..d4ad760 100644 Binary files a/main.synctex.gz and b/main.synctex.gz differ diff --git a/main.tex b/main.tex index 7774436..95c3599 100644 --- a/main.tex +++ b/main.tex @@ -79,18 +79,14 @@ \newcommand{\kf}{\omega} % Unspecific Gabor kernel frequency \newcommand{\kp}{\phi} % Unspecific Gabor kernel phase \newcommand{\kn}{n} % Unspecific Gabor kernel lobe number -% \newcommand{\ks}{s} % Unspecific Gabor kernel sign \newcommand{\kwi}{\kw_i} % Specific Gabor kernel width \newcommand{\kfi}{\kf_i} % Specific Gabor kernel frequency \newcommand{\kpi}{\kp_i} % Specific Gabor kernel phase \newcommand{\kni}{\kn_i} % Specific Gabor kernel lobe number -% \newcommand{\ksi}{\ks_i} % Specific Gabor kernel sign % Math shorthands - Auxiliary kernel parameters: -\newcommand{\fsin}{f_{\text{sin}}} % Carrier frequency -\newcommand{\rh}{h_{\text{rel}}} % Relative Gaussian height for FWRH -\newcommand{\fwrh}{\text{FWRH}} % Gaussian full-width at relative height -\newcommand{\off}{\beta_0} % Offset for linear frequency approximation +\newcommand{\fdrm}{\text{FDRM}} % Gaussian full duration relative to maximum +\newcommand{\rh}{h_{\text{rel}}} % Relative Gaussian height for FDRM calculation % Math shorthands - Thresholding nonlinearity: \newcommand{\thr}{\Theta_i} % Step function threshold value @@ -287,6 +283,20 @@ approximation by basic mathematical operations. We then elaborate on the key mechanisms that drive the emergence of intensity-invariant song representations within the auditory pathway. +% RIPPED FROM RESULTS, MAYBE INTEGRATE SOMEWHERE HERE: +% The robustness of song recognition is tied to the degree of intensity +% invariance of the finalized feature representation. Ideally, the values of each +% feature should depend only on the relative amplitude dynamics of the song +% pattern but not on the overall intensity of the song. In the grasshopper, the +% emergence of intensity-invariant representations along the song recognition +% pathway likely is a distributed process that involves different neuronal +% populations, which raises the question of what the essential computational +% mechanisms are that drive this process. Within the model pathway, we identified +% two key mechanisms that render the song representation more invariant to +% intensity variations. The two mechanisms each comprise a nonlinear signal +% transformation followed by a linear signal transformation but differ in the +% specific operations involved, as outlined in the following sections. + % SCRAPPED UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE: % Multi-species, multi-individual communally inhabited environments\\ % - Temporal overlap: Simultaneous singing across individuals/species common\\ @@ -328,43 +338,38 @@ on PyPi. \subsection{Functional model of the grasshopper song recognition pathway} -% Too long (no splitting, only pruning). -The essence of constructing a functional model of a given system is to gain a -sufficient understanding of the system's essential structural components and -their presumed functional roles; and to then build a formal framework of -manageable complexity around these two aspects. Anatomically, the organization -of the grasshopper song recognition pathway can be outlined as a feed-forward -network of three consecutive neuronal -populations~(Fig.\,\mbox{\ref{fig:pathway}a-c}): Peripheral auditory receptor -neurons, whose axons enter the ventral nerve cord at the level of the -metathoracic ganglion; local interneurons that remain exclusively within the -thoracic region of the ventral nerve cord; and ascending neurons projecting -from the thoracic region towards the supraesophageal -ganglion~(\bcite{rehbein1974structure}; \bcite{rehbein1976auditory}; +The anatomical organisation of the grasshopper song recognition pathway can be +outlined as a feed-forward network of three consecutive neuronal +populations~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:pathway}a-c): Peripheral auditory receptor neurons, +whose axons enter the ventral nerve cord (VNC) at the level of the metathoracic +ganglion; local interneurons that remain exclusively within the thoracic region +of the VNC; and ascending neurons projecting from the thoracic region towards +the supraesophageal ganglion (SEG), or central +brain~(\bcite{rehbein1974structure}; \bcite{rehbein1976auditory}; \bcite{eichendorf1980projections}). The input to the network originates at the tympanal membrane, which acts as acoustic receiver and is coupled to the dendritic endings of the receptor neurons~(\bcite{gray1960fine}). The outputs -from the network converge in the supraesophageal ganglion, which is presumed to -harbor the neuronal substrate for conspecific song recognition and response +from the network converge in the SEG, which presumably harbors the neuronal +substrate for conspecific song recognition and response initiation~(\bcite{ronacher1986routes}; \bcite{bauer1987separate}; -\bcite{bhavsar2017brain}). Functionally, the ascending neurons are the most -diverse of the three populations along the pathway. Individual ascending -neurons possess highly specific response properties that contrast with the -rather homogeneous response properties of the preceding receptor neurons and -local interneurons~(\bcite{clemens2011efficient}), indicating a transition from -a uniform population-wide processing stream into several parallel branches. -Based on these anatomical and physiological considerations, the overall -structure of the model pathway is divided into two distinct -stages~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:pathway}d). The preprocessing stage incorporates the -known physiological processing steps at the levels of the tympanal membrane, -the receptor neurons, and the local interneurons; and operates on -one-dimensional signal representations. The feature extraction stage -corresponds to the processing within the ascending neurons and further -downstream towards the supraesophageal ganglion; and operates on -high-dimensional signal representations. The details of each physiological -processing step and its functional approximation within the two stages are -outlined in the following sections. +\bcite{bhavsar2017brain}). +Functionally, the ascending neurons are the most diverse of the three neuronal +populations. Individual ascending neurons possess highly specific response +properties that contrast with the rather homogeneous response properties of the +preceding receptor neurons and local +interneurons~(\bcite{clemens2011efficient}), which indicates a transition from +a uniform population-wide processing stream into several parallel branches. +Accordingly, the model pathway is divided into two distinct +stages~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:pathway}d): The preprocessing stage incorporates the +processing steps at the levels of the tympanal membrane, the receptor neurons, +and the local interneurons; and operates on one-dimensional signal +representations~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_pre}). The feature extraction stage +corresponds to the processing within the ascending neurons and further +downstream towards the SEG; and operates on high-dimensional signal +representations~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_feat}). The details of each +physiological processing step and its functional approximation are described in +the following sections. \begin{figure}[!ht] \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/fig_auditory_pathway.pdf} @@ -389,53 +394,54 @@ outlined in the following sections. \subsubsection{Population-driven signal preprocessing} -Grasshoppers receive airborne sound waves by a tympanal organ at either side of +Grasshoppers receive airborne sound waves by a tympanal organ at each side of the body. The tympanal membrane acts as a mechanical resonance filter for sound-induced vibrations~(\bcite{windmill2008time}; \bcite{malkin2014energy}). Vibrations that fall within specific frequency bands are focused on different membrane areas, while others are attenuated. This processing step can be -approximated by an initial bandpass filter +approximated by an initial bandpass filter~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_pre}a) +applied to the acoustic input signal $\raw(t)$: \begin{equation} \filt(t)\,=\,\raw(t)\,*\,\bp, \qquad \fc\,=\,5\,\text{kHz},\,30\,\text{kHz} \label{eq:bandpass} \end{equation} -applied to the acoustic input signal $\raw(t)$. The auditory receptor neurons -transduce the vibrations of the tympanal membrane into sequences of action -potentials. Thereby, they encode the amplitude modulation, or envelope, of the -signal~(\bcite{machens2001discrimination}), which likely involves a rectifying -nonlinearity~(\bcite{machens2001representation}). This can be modelled as -full-wave rectification followed by lowpass filtering +The receptor neurons transduce the vibrations of the tympanal membrane into +sequences of action potentials. They thereby encode the amplitude modulation, +or envelope, of the signal~(\bcite{machens2001discrimination}), which likely +involves a rectifying nonlinearity~(\bcite{machens2001representation}). The +extraction of the signal envelope~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_pre}b) can be modelled +as full-wave rectification followed by lowpass filtering of the tympanal signal +$\filt(t)$: \begin{equation} \env(t)\,=\,|\filt(t)|\,*\,\lp, \qquad \fc\,=\,250\,\text{Hz} \label{eq:env} \end{equation} -of the tympanal signal $\filt(t)$. Furthermore, the receptors exhibit a -sigmoidal response curve over logarithmically compressed intensity -levels~(\bcite{suga1960peripheral}; \bcite{gollisch2002energy}). In the model -pathway, logarithmic compression is achieved by conversion to decibel scale +Furthermore, the receptors exhibit a sigmoidal response curve over +logarithmically compressed stimulus intensities~(\bcite{suga1960peripheral}; +\bcite{gollisch2002energy}). In the model pathway, logarithmic +compression~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_pre}c) is achieved by conversion to decibel +scale \begin{equation} \db(t)\,=\,20\,\cdot\,\dec \frac{\env(t)}{\dbref}, \qquad \dbref\,=\,1 \label{eq:log} \end{equation} -relative to the common reference intensity $\dbref$. -Both the receptor neurons~(\bcite{romer1976informationsverarbeitung}; -\bcite{gollisch2004input}; \bcite{fisch2012channel}) and, on a larger scale, -the subsequent local interneurons~(\bcite{hildebrandt2009origin}; -\bcite{clemens2010intensity}) adapt their firing rates in response to sustained -stimulus intensity levels, which allows for the robust encoding of faster -amplitude modulations against a slowly changing overall baseline intensity. -Functionally, the adaptation mechanism resembles a highpass filter +relative to the common reference intensity $\dbref$. Both the receptor +neurons~(\bcite{romer1976informationsverarbeitung}; \bcite{gollisch2004input}; +\bcite{fisch2012channel}) and, on a larger scale, the subsequent local +interneurons~(\bcite{hildebrandt2009origin}; \bcite{clemens2010intensity}) +adapt their firing rates in response to sustained stimulus intensities, which +allows for the robust encoding of faster amplitude modulations against a slowly +changing overall baseline intensity. Functionally, the adaptation mechanism +resembles a highpass filter~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_pre}d) over the +logarithmically compressed envelope $\db(t)$: \begin{equation} \adapt(t)\,=\,\db(t)\,*\,\hp, \qquad \fc\,=\,10\,\text{Hz} \label{eq:highpass} \end{equation} -over the logarithmically scaled envelope $\db(t)$. This processing step -concludes the preprocessing stage of the model pathway. The resulting -intensity-adapted envelope $\adapt(t)$ is then passed on from the local -interneurons to the ascending neurons, where it serves as the basis for the -following feature extraction stage. - -% Cite somewhere: +This processing step concludes the preprocessing stage of the model pathway. +The resulting intensity-adapted envelope $\adapt(t)$ is then passed on from the +local interneurons to the ascending neurons, where it serves as the basis for +the following feature extraction stage. \begin{figure}[!ht] \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/fig_pre_stages.pdf} @@ -453,59 +459,71 @@ following feature extraction stage. \subsubsection{Feature extraction by individual neurons} The ascending neurons extract and encode a number of different features of the -preprocessed signal. As a population, they hence represent the signal in a -higher-dimensional space than the preceding receptor neurons and local -interneurons. Each ascending neuron is assumed to scan the signal for a -specific template pattern, which can be thought of as a kernel of a particular -structure and on a particular time scale. This process, known as template -matching, can be modelled as a convolution +preprocessed signal, and hence represent the signal in a higher-dimensional +space than the preceding receptor neurons and local interneurons. Each +ascending neuron is assumed to scan the signal for a specific template pattern, +which can be thought of as a kernel of a particular structure and on a +particular time scale. This process, known as template matching, can be +modelled as a convolution of the intensity-adapted envelope $\adapt(t)$ with a +kernel $k_i(t)$ specific to the $i$-th ascending neuron: \begin{equation} c_i(t)\,=\,\adapt(t)\,*\,k_i(t) = \infint \adapt(\tau)\,\cdot\,k_i(t\,-\,\tau)\,d\tau \label{eq:conv} \end{equation} -of the intensity-adapted envelope $\adapt(t)$ with a kernel $k_i(t)$ per -ascending neuron. We use Gabor kernels as basis functions for creating -different template patterns. An arbitrary one-dimensional, real Gabor kernel is -generated by multiplication of a Gaussian envelope and a sinusoidal carrier +We use Gabor kernels as basis functions for creating different template +patterns. An arbitrary one-dimensional, real Gabor kernel is generated by +multiplication of a Gaussian envelope with standard deviation or kernel width +$\kwi$ and a sinusoidal carrier with frequency $\kfi$ and phase $\kpi$: \begin{equation} - k_i(t,\,\kwi,\,\kfi,\,\kpi)\,=\,e^{-\frac{t^{2}}{2{\kwi}^{2}}}\,\cdot\,\sin(\kfi\,t\,+\,\kpi), \qquad \kfi\,=\,2\pi\fsin + k_i(t,\,\kwi,\,\kfi,\,\kpi)\,=\,e^{-\frac{t^{2}}{2{\kwi}^{2}}}\,\cdot\,\sin(\kfi\,t\,+\,\kpi), \qquad \kfi\,=\,2\pi f_{\text{sin}_i} \label{eq:gabor} \end{equation} -with Gaussian standard deviation or kernel width $\kwi$, carrier frequency -$\kfi$, and carrier phase $\kpi$. Different combinations of $\kw$ and $\kf$ -result in Gabor kernels with different lobe number $\kn$, which is the number -of half-periods of the carrier that fit under the Gaussian envelope within -reasonable limits of attenuation. The interval under the Gaussian envelope that -contains the relevant lobes of the kernel can be defined as Gaussian full-width -measured at relative peak height $\rh$ +Different combinations of $\kwi$ and $\kfi$ result in Gabor kernels with +different lobe number $\kni$, which is the number of half-periods of the +carrier that fit under the Gaussian envelope within reasonable limits of +attenuation. The time window under the Gaussian envelope that contains the +relevant lobes of the kernel can be defined as Gaussian full duration at height +$\rh$ relative to the maximum of the Gaussian: \begin{equation} - \fwrh(\kw,\,\rh)\,=\,2\,\cdot\,\sqrt{-2\,\cdot\,\ln \rh}\cdot\,\kw, \qquad \rh\,\in\,(0,\,1] + \fdrm(\kwi,\,\rh)\,=\,2\,\cdot\,\sqrt{-2\,\cdot\,\ln \rh}\cdot\,\kwi, \qquad \rh\,\in\,(0,\,1] + \label{eq:fdrm} +\end{equation} +% Yes, FDRM is a hideous acronym. Based on the common "full width at half +% maximum" (FWHM) and adjusted because "full duration at half maximum" (FDHM) +% is apparently preferred in a temporal context. Alternatively, "w_\text{gauss}"? +With this, an appropriate carrier frequency $\kfi$ for obtaining a Gabor kernel +with width $\kwi$ and desired lobe number $\kni$ can be approximated as +\begin{equation} + \kfi(\kni,\,\kwi,\,\rh)\,=\,\frac{0.5\,\cdot\,(\kni\,+\,\beta_0)}{\fdrm(\kwi,\,\rh)}, \qquad \kni\,\geq\,2\enspace\forall\enspace \kni\,\in\,\mathbb{Z} + \label{eq:gabor_freq} \end{equation} -With this, an appropriate carrier frequency $\kf$ for obtaining a Gabor kernel -with width $\kw$ and desired lobe number $\kn$ can be approximated as % \begin{equation} -% \kf(\kn,\,\fwrh)\,=\,\frac{0.5\,\cdot\,\kn\,+\,\off}{\fwrh}, \qquad \kn\,\geq\,2\enspace\forall\enspace \kn\,\in\,\mathbb{Z} +% \kfi(\kni,\,\kwi,\,\rh)\,=\,\frac{0.5\,\cdot\,(\kni\,+\,\beta_0)}{2\,\cdot\,\sqrt{-2\,\cdot\,\ln \rh}\cdot\kwi}, \qquad \kni\,\geq\,2\enspace\forall\enspace \kni\,\in\,\mathbb{Z} % \end{equation} -\begin{equation} - \kf(\kn,\,\kw,\,\rh)\,=\,\frac{\kn\,+\,\off}{4\,\cdot\,\sqrt{-2\,\cdot\,\ln \rh}}, \qquad \kn\,\geq\,2\enspace\forall\enspace \kn\,\in\,\mathbb{Z} -\end{equation} -where $\off$ is a small positive offset to the near-linear relationship between -$\kf$ and $\kn$ to balance the amplitude of the $\kn$ desired lobes of the -kernel --- which should be maximized --- against the amplitude of the -next-outer lobes, which should not exceed the threshold value determined by -$\rh$. For $\kn=1$, carrier frequency $\kf$ is set to zero, which results in a -simple Gaussian kernel. Carrier phase $\kp$ determines the position of the -kernel lobes relative to the kernel center. By setting $\kp$ to one of only -four specific phase values~(Tab.\,\ref{tab:gabor_phases}), we restrict the -Gabor kernels to be either even functions~(mirror-symmetric, uneven $\kn$) or -odd functions~(point-symmetric, even $\kn$) with either positive or negative -sign, which refers to the sign of the kernel's central lobe (even kernels) or -the left of the two central lobes (odd kernels). +The relationship between $\kfi$ and $\kni$ is approximately linear except for +small $\kni$. The offset term $\beta_0\approx0.5$ was added to balance the +amplitudes of the $\kni$ desired lobes of the kernel --- which should be +maximized --- against the amplitudes of the next-outer lobes, which should not +exceed the threshold value determined by $\rh$. Note that simple Gaussian +kernels with $\kni=1$ can be obtained by setting the carrier frequency to +$\kfi=0$ and are hence not covered by Eq.\,\ref{eq:gabor_freq}. + +Carrier phase $\kpi$ determines the position of the kernel lobes relative to +the kernel center. We restrict the Gabor kernels to be either even or odd +functions by setting $\kpi$ to one of only four specific phase +values~(Tab.\,\ref{tab:gabor_phases}). Even Gabor kernels are mirror-symmetric +with uneven $\kni$, whereas odd Gabor kernels are point-symmetric with even +$\kni$. Both even and odd kernels can have either positive or negative sign, +which refers to the sign of the kernel's central lobe (even kernels) or the +left of the two central lobes (odd kernels). These four major groups of Gabor +kernels allow for the extraction of different types of signal features, such as +the presence of peaks (even, $+$), troughs (even, $-$), onsets (odd, $+$), and +offsets (odd, $-$) at various time scales. \FloatBarrier \begin{table}[!ht] \centering - \captionsetup{width=.46\textwidth} + \captionsetup{width=.45\textwidth} \caption{Values of phase $\kp$ that are specific for the four major groups of Gabor kernels.} \begin{tabular}{|ccc|} @@ -519,13 +537,10 @@ the left of the two central lobes (odd kernels). \label{tab:gabor_phases} \end{table} \FloatBarrier -These four major groups of Gabor kernels allow for the extraction of different -types of signal features, such as the presence of peaks (even, $+$), troughs -(even, $-$), onsets (odd, $+$), and offsets (odd, $-$) at various time scales. -% Add kernel normalization here. -Following the convolutional template matching, each kernel-specific response -$c_i(t)$ is passed through a shifted Heaviside step-function $\nl$ with -threshold value $\thr$ to obtain a binary response +Following the convolutional template matching~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_feat}a), +each kernel-specific response $c_i(t)$ is passed through a shifted Heaviside +step-function $\nl$ with threshold value $\thr$ to obtain a binary +response~(Fig.\,\ref{fig:stages_feat}b): \begin{equation} b_i(t,\,\thr)\,=\,\begin{cases} \;1, \quad c_i(t)\,>\,\thr\\ @@ -533,12 +548,12 @@ threshold value $\thr$ to obtain a binary response \end{cases} \label{eq:binary} \end{equation} -which can be thought of as a categorization into "relevant" and "irrelevant" -response values. In the grasshopper, these thresholding nonlinearities might -either be part of the processing within the ascending neurons or take place -further downstream~(SOURCE). Finally, the responses of the ascending neurons -are assumed to be integrated somewhere in the supraesophageal -ganglion~(\bcite{ronacher1986routes}; \bcite{bauer1987separate}; +The thresholding of $c_i(t)$ into $b_i(t)$ can be thought of as a +categorization into "relevant" and "irrelevant" response values. +% It is unclear whether such a thresholding nonlinearity is actually implemented +% either by the ascending neurons or at some point further downstream in the SEG. +Finally, the responses of the ascending neurons are assumed to be integrated +somewhere in the SEG~(\bcite{ronacher1986routes}; \bcite{bauer1987separate}; \bcite{bhavsar2017brain}). This processing step can be approximated as temporal averaging of the binary responses $b_i(t)$ by a lowpass filter \begin{equation} @@ -752,26 +767,23 @@ array was moved as close to the grasshopper as possible without interrupting its song production, which amounts to an approximate offset distance of 10\,cm between the animal and the leading microphone. Care was taken to maintain a stable position and height of the microphone array during recording. The -resulting recordings were then processed through the model pathway and analysed +resulting recordings were then processed through the model pathway and analyzed according to the procedure described in Section~\ref{sec:intensity_measures}. \section{Results} \subsection{Mechanisms driving the emergence of intensity invariance} -% Still missing the SNR analysis. Should be able to write around it for now. -The robustness of song recognition is tied to the degree of intensity -invariance of the finalized feature representation. Ideally, the values of each -feature should depend only on the relative amplitude dynamics of the song -pattern but not on the overall intensity of the song. In the grasshopper, the -emergence of intensity-invariant representations along the song recognition -pathway likely is a distributed process that involves different neuronal -populations, which raises the question of what the essential computational -mechanisms are that drive this process. Within the model pathway, we identified -two key mechanisms that render the song representation more invariant to -intensity variations. The two mechanisms each comprise a nonlinear signal -transformation followed by a linear signal transformation but differ in the -specific operations involved, as outlined in the following sections. +It is not necessary to test each processing step along the model pathway for +intensity invariance. Instead, we can focus on those steps that involve +nonlinear transformations, since these are the only steps that can potentially +change the dependency on scale $\sca$ between the input and output +representations. Overall, there are three nonlinear transformations along the +model pathway: Full-wave rectification during envelope extraction, logarithmic +compression, and the thresholding nonlinearity during feature extraction. In +the following, we analyze the effects of each of these transformations on the +intensity and SNR of the resulting representations as well as their potential +contribution to intensity invariance. \subsubsection{Full-wave rectification \& lowpass filtering} diff --git a/python/save_figure_texts.py b/python/save_figure_texts.py index 4ed3621..83a973e 100644 --- a/python/save_figure_texts.py +++ b/python/save_figure_texts.py @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ texts = { 'model_titles_logarithm': ('Logarithmic\nCompression', title_props), 'model_titles_adaptation': ('Intensity\nAdaptation', title_props), 'model_titles_convolution': ('Convolutional\nFiltering', title_props), - 'model_titles_nonlinear': ('Threshold\nNonlinearity', title_props), + 'model_titles_nonlinear': ('Thresholding\nNonlinearity', title_props), 'model_titles_integration': ('Temporal\nAveraging', title_props), 'model_titles_readout': ('Weighted\nReadout', title_props), @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ texts = { # ELEMENT LABELS (MODEL CIRCUIT): 'model_elements_filt': (r'$x_{\text{filt}}$', element_props), 'model_elements_env': (r'$x_{\text{env}}$', element_props), - 'model_elements_log': (r'$x_{\text{dB}}$', element_props), + 'model_elements_log': (r'$x_{\text{log}}$', element_props), 'model_elements_adapt': (r'$x_{\text{adapt}}$', element_props), 'model_elements_c1': (r'$c_1$', element_props), 'model_elements_c2': (r'$c_2$', element_props), @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ texts = { # LINE LABELS (MODEL CIRCUIT): 'model_lines_env': (r'$\lvert\cdot\lvert,h_{\text{LP}}$', line_props), - 'model_lines_log': (r'$\text{log}$', line_props), + 'model_lines_log': (r'$\text{dB}$', line_props), 'model_lines_hp': (r'$h_{\text{HP}}$', line_props), 'model_lines_k1': (r'$k_1$', line_props), 'model_lines_k2': (r'$k_2$', line_props),