Started statistics lecture

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% Copyright 2007 by Till Tantau
%
% This file may be distributed and/or modified
%
% 1. under the LaTeX Project Public License and/or
% 2. under the GNU Public License.
%
% See the file doc/licenses/LICENSE for more details.
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\documentclass{beamer}
%%%%% title %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\title[]{Scientific Computing --- Descriptive Statistics}
\author[]{Jan Benda}
\institute[]{Neuroethology}
\date[]{WS 15/16}
\titlegraphic{\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{UT_WBMW_Rot_RGB}}
%%%%% beamer %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% \useoutertheme{miniframes}
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%\AtBeginSection[]
%{
% \begin{frame}<beamer>
% \begin{center}
% \Huge \insertsectionhead
% \end{center}
% \end{frame}
%}
\setbeamertemplate{blocks}[rounded][shadow=true]
\setcounter{tocdepth}{1}
%%%%% packages %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{bm}
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%\usepackage{multimedia}
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%%%% graphics %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage{graphicx}
\newcommand{\texpicture}[1]{{\sffamily\small\input{#1.tex}}}
%%%%% listings %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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basicstyle=\ttfamily,
numbers=left,
showstringspaces=false,
language=Matlab,
commentstyle=\itshape\color{darkgray},
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}[plain]
\frametitle{}
\vspace{-1cm}
\titlepage % erzeugt Titelseite
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Content}
\tableofcontents
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Descriptive statistics}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{types of data}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{data scales}
\framesubtitle{What data types are distinguished in statistics?}
\Large
{\bf Why are data types important?}
\pause
\begin{itemize}
\item selection of statistics
\item selection of plots
\item selection of correct tests
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%-------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{data scales}
\framesubtitle{nominal/categorial scale}
\begin{itemize}
\item properties like cell type, experimental group (i.e. treatment
1, treatment 2, control)
\item each observation/sample is put into one category
\item there is no reasonable order among the categories
\item example: [rods, cones] vs. [cones, rods]
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%-------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{data scales}
\framesubtitle{ordinal scale}
\begin{itemize}
\item like nominal scale, but there is an order
\item {\bf but:} there is no reasonable measure of {\em distance}
between the classes
\item examples: ranks, ratings
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%-------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{data scales}
\framesubtitle{interval scale}
\begin{itemize}
\item quantitative/metric values
\item reasonable measure of distance between values but no absolute zero
\item examples: temperature in $^\circ$C
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%-------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{data scales}
\framesubtitle{absolut/ratio scale}
\begin{itemize}
\item like interval scale but with absolute zero
\item example: temperature in $^\circ$K
\end{itemize}
\pause
%\begin{emphasize}{relationsships between scales}
\begin{itemize}
\item scales exhibit increasing information content from nominal
to absolute
\item conversion ,,downwards'' always possible
\end{itemize}
%\end{emphasize}
\end{frame}
%-------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{examples from neuroscience and psychology}
\begin{itemize}
\item {\bf nominal:}\pause
\begin{itemize}
\item treatment group
\item stimulus class
\item cell type
\end{itemize}
\item {\bf ordinal:} \pause
\begin{itemize}
\item ratings
\item clinical stages of a disease
\item states of an ion channel
\end{itemize}
\item {\bf Absolut-/Ratioskala:}\pause
\begin{itemize}
\item firing rate
\item membrane potential
\item ion concentration
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Real-valued data}