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contexts/ranges: Stridulatory, mandibular, wings, walking sounds\\ +- Mate attraction/evaluation, rival deterrence, loss-of-signal predator alarm\\ +$\rightarrow$ Elaborate acoustic behaviors co-depend on reliable auditory perception + +Songs = Amplitude-modulated (AM) broad-band acoustic signals\\ +- Generated by stridulatory movement of hindlegs against forewings\\ +- Shorter time scales: Characteristic temporal waveform pattern\\ +- Longer time scales: High degree of periodicity (pattern repetition)\\ +- Sound propagation: Signal intensity varies strongly with distance to sender\\ +- Ectothermy: Temporal structure warps with temperature\\ +$\rightarrow$ Sensory constraints imposed by properties of the acoustic signal itself + +Multi-species, multi-individual communally inhabited environments\\ +- Temporal overlap: Simultaneous singing across individuals/species common\\ +- Frequency overlap: No/hardly any niche speciation into frequency bands\\ +- "Biotic noise": Hetero-/conspecifics ("Another one's songs are my noise")\\ +- "Abiotic noise": Wind, water, vegetation, anthropogenic\\ +- Effects of habitat structure on sound propagation (landscape - soundscape)\\ +$\rightarrow$ Sensory constraints imposed by the (acoustic) environment + +Cluster of auditory challenges (interlocking constraints $\rightarrow$ tight coupling):\\ +From continuous acoustic input, generate neuronal representations that...\\ +1)...allow for the separation of relevant (song) events from ambient noise floor\\ +2)...compensate for behaviorally non-informative song variability (invariances)\\ +3)...carry sufficient information to characterize different song patterns, +recognize the ones produced by conspecifics, and make appropriate behavioral +decisions based on context (sender identity, song type, mate/rival quality) + +How can the auditory system of grasshoppers meet these challenges?\\ +- What are the minimum functional processing steps required?\\ +- Which known neuronal mechanisms can implement these steps?\\ +- Which and how many stages along the auditory pathway contribute?\\ +$\rightarrow$ What are the limitations of the system as a whole? + +How can a human observer conceive a grasshopper's auditory percepts?\\ +- How to investigate the workings of the auditory pathway as a whole?\\ +- How to systematically test effects and interactions of processing parameters?\\ +- How to integrate the available knowledge on anatomy, physiology, ethology?\\ +$\rightarrow$ Abstract, simplify, formalize $\rightarrow$ Functional model framework + +\section{Pre-split pathway: Population pre-processing} +Filtering of behaviorally relevant frequencies by tympanal membrane\\ +- Bandpass 5-30 kHz + +Extraction of signal envelope (AM encoding) by receptor population\\ +- Full-wave rectification + lowpass 500 Hz + +Logarithmically compressed intensity tuning curve of receptors\\ +- Decibel transformation + +Spike-frequency adaptation in receptor and interneuron populations\\ +- Highpass 10 Hz + +\section{Post-split pathway: Feature extraction} + +Template matching by individual ascending neurons\\ +- Separate convolution with each of a set of Gabor kernels\\ +- Pathway splitting: Single population response into several separate branches +- Expansion into a higher-dimensional sound representation + +Thresholding nonlinearity in ascending neurons (or further downstream)\\ +- Step-function (or sigmoid) threshold\\ +- Binarization of response values into "relevant" vs. "irrelevant" + +Temporal averaging by neurons of the central brain\\ +- Lowpass 1 Hz\\ +- Finalized set of slowly changing kernel-specific features\\ +- Different (species-specific) songs are characterized by a distinct combination of feature values + +\section{Pre-split intensity invariance:\\Logarithm-highpass mechanism} + +\section{Post-split intensity invariance:\\Threshold-lowpass mechanism} + +\section{Conclusion and outlook} \end{document} \ No newline at end of file