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@@ -93,55 +93,40 @@ formalization of the underlying structures and mechanisms.
One sensory system about which extensive information has been gathered over the
years is the auditory system of grasshoppers~(\textit{Acrididae}). Grasshoppers
rely on their sense of hearing primarily for intraspecific communication, which
includes mate attraction and evaluation~(\bcite{helversen1972gesang}), sender
includes mate attraction and
evaluation~(\bcite{helversen1972gesang}, \bcite{helversen1993absolute},
\bcite{helversen1997recognition}), sender
localization~(\bcite{helversen1988interaural}), courtship display~(SOURCE),
rival deterrence~(\bcite{greenfield1993acoustic}), and loss-of-signal predator
alarm~(SOURCE). In accordance with this rich behavioral repertoire,
grasshoppers have evolved a variety of sound production mechanisms to generate
acoustic communication signals for different contexts and ranges using their
wings, hindlegs, or mandibles~(\bcite{otte1970comparative}). Among the most
conspicuous acoustic signals of grasshoppers are the species-specific calling
songs, which broadcast the presence of the singing individual --- usually the
males of a species --- to potential mates within range. These songs are usually
more characteristic of a species than morphological traits.
This reliance on species-specific acoustic signals for mediating
conspicuous acoustic signals of grasshoppers are their species-specific calling
songs, which broadcast the presence of the singing individual --- mostly the
males of the species --- to potential mates within range. These songs are
usually more characteristic of a species than morphological
traits~(\bcite{tishechkin2016acoustic}, \bcite{tarasova2021eurasius}), which
can vary greatly within species~(\bcite{rowell1972variable},
\bcite{kohler2017morphological}). The reliance on acoustic signals to mediate
reproduction represents a strong evolutionary driving force, that resulted in a
massive species diversification~(\bcite{vedenina2011speciation},
\bcite{sevastianov2023evolution}).
\bcite{sevastianov2023evolution}), with over 6800 recognized grasshopper
species in the \textit{Acrididae} family~(\bcite{cigliano2024orthoptera}). It
is this diversity of species, and the crucial role of acoustic communication in
its emergence, that makes the grasshopper auditory system an intriguing
candidate for attempting to construct a functional model framework. For
simplicity, we focus on the pathway responsible for the recognition of
species-specific calling songs, disregarding other auditory functions such as
directional hearing~(\bcite{helversen1984parallel}, \bcite{ronacher1986routes},
\bcite{helversen1988interaural}).
The characteristic calling songs are
produced by stridulation, during which the grasshopper pulls the serrated
stridulatory file on its hindlegs across a resonating vein on the
forewings~(\bcite{helversen1977stridulatory},
forewings~(\bcite{helversen1977stridulatory}, \bcite{stumpner1994song},
\bcite{helversen1997recognition}).
Such elaborate acoustic behaviors co-depend not only on
reliable auditory perception but also on suitable acoustic signals for
different contexts and ranges. To this end, grasshoppers have evolved a variety
of sound production mechanisms using their wings, hindlegs, or
mandibles~(\bcite{otte1970comparative}). The most conspicuous acoustic signals
--- the characteristic calling songs --- are produced by stridulation, during
which the grasshopper pulls the serrated stridulatory file on its hindlegs
across a resonating vein on the forewings~(\bcite{helversen1977stridulatory},
\bcite{helversen1997recognition}). The reliance on species-specific acoustic
communication signals represents a strong evolutionary driving force, that
resulted in a massive species diversification~(\bcite{vedenina2011speciation},
\bcite{sevastianov2023evolution}).
The most conspicuous acoustic signals
--- the characteristic calling songs --- are produced by stridulation, during
which the grasshopper pulls the serrated stridulatory file on its hindlegs
across a resonating vein on the forewings~(\bcite{helversen1977stridulatory},
\bcite{helversen1997recognition}). Grasshopper songs are species-specific,
amplitude-modulated (AM) broad-band acoustic signals
Among the several thousand recognized grasshopper
species~(\bcite{cigliano2018orthoptera}), diverse species-specific sound
repertoires and production mechanisms
Strong dependence on acoustic signals for ranged communication\\
- Diverse species-specific sound repertoires and production mechanisms\\
@@ -149,10 +134,6 @@ Strong dependence on acoustic signals for ranged communication\\
- Mate attraction/evaluation, rival deterrence, loss-of-signal predator alarm\\
$\rightarrow$ Elaborate acoustic behaviors co-depend on reliable auditory perception
Songs = Amplitude-modulated (AM) broad-band acoustic signals\\
- Generated by stridulatory movement of hindlegs against forewings\\
- Shorter time scales: Characteristic temporal waveform pattern\\