updating literature
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@ -528,6 +528,10 @@ Nonlinear processes are key to neuronal information processing. Decision making
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\notejb{For the estimation problem we need to cite work that also measured higher order Wiener kernels and filters (we need to find the Andrew French paper, who else? Gabbiani? John Miller?). For nonlinear encoding we need to talk about linear-nonlinear models (Chinchilinsky, Gollisch, Jan Clemens) versus Wiener series (French). And we find nonlinear responses in neurons that have been considered as quite linear, but only at specific frequency combinations and low signal amplitudes.}
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\noteab{Nonlinearity has been measured considering a system approach starting with wiener kernels \cite{French1973,French1976,French 2019} in response to white noise stimulation. In addition the nonlinearity of a system has been addressed by pure sinewave simulation under usage of the Volterra series \cite{Victor1977,Victor1980,Shapley1979}.Nonlinearity was also of interest beyond the system approach when the quadratic phase coupling of two input requencies was investigated \cite{ Nikias1993}. With this approaches nonlinearity at the sum of two input frequencies was quantified in retinal cells \cite{Shapley1979} for stimuli with small amplitudes, in ampullary cells \cite{ Neimann}, in the EEG of sleep \cite{ Barnett1971,Bullock1997, Johnosn1967} and in mechanorecetors of spiders \cite{ French 2019}. Although this has also addressed stimuli for small amplitudes it has to be considered that for white noise stimuli this might have had not the sufficient number of trials \cite{French1976}, still for pure sinewave stimulation this should have been sufficient \cite{Shapley1979}. Especially these last works are interesting for us sind they were also applied on amplitude modulated signals. What was less the focus were the low CVs.}
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While the encoding of signals can often be well described by linear models in the sensory periphery\cite{Machens2001}, this is not true for many upstream neurons. Rather, nonlinear processes are implemented to extract special stimulus features\cite{Adelson1985,Gabbiani1996,Olshausen1996,Gollisch2009}. In active electrosensation, the self-generated electric field (electric organ discharge, EOD) that is quasi sinusoidal in wavetype electric fish acts as the carrier signal that is amplitude modulated in the context of communication\cite{Walz2014, Henninger2018, Benda2020}, object detection and navigation\cite{Fotowat2013, Nelson1999}. In social contexts, the interference of the EODs of two interacting animals result in a characteristic periodic amplitude modulation, the so-called beat. The beat amplitude is defined by the smaller EOD amplitude, its frequency is defined as the difference between the two EOD frequencies ($\Delta f = f-\feod{}$, valid for $f < \feod{}/2$)\cite{Barayeu2023}. Cutaneous electroreceptor organs that are distributed over the bodies of these fish \cite{Carr1982} are tuned to the own field\cite{Hopkins1976,Viancour1979}. Probability-type electroreceptor afferents (P-units) innervate these organs via ribbon synapses\cite{Szabo1965, Wachtel1966} and project to the hindbrain where they trifurcate and synapse onto pyramidal cells in the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL)\cite{Krahe2014}. The P-units of the gymnotiform electric fish \lepto{} encode such amplitude modulations (AMs) by modulation of their firing rate\cite{Gabbiani1996}. They fire probabilistically but phase-locked to the own EOD and the skipping of cycles leads to their characteristic multimodal interspike-interval distribution. Even though the extraction of the AM itself requires a nonlinearity\cite{Middleton2006,Stamper2012Envelope,Savard2011,Barayeu2023} encoding the time-course of the AM is linear over a wide range of AM amplitudes and frequencies\cite{Xu1996,Benda2005,Gussin2007,Grewe2017,Savard2011}. In the context of social signalling among three fish we observe an AM of the AM, also referred to as second-order envelope or just social envelope\cite{Middleton2006, Savard2011, Stamper2012Envelope}. Encoding this again requires nonlinearities\cite{Middleton2006} and it was shown that a subpopulation of P-units are sensitive to envelopes\cite{Savard2011} and exhibit nonlinearities e.g. when driven by strong stimuli\cite{Nelson1997,Chacron2004}.
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\begin{figure*}[t]
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