new notes from henriettes thesis

thesis/Masterthesis.aux

@@ -26,3 +26,7 @@
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 \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Results}{3}{section.4}}
 \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Discussion}{3}{section.5}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Possible Sources}{3}{section.6}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1}Henriette Walz - Thesis}{3}{subsection.6.1}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.1.1}Nervous system - Signal encoding}{3}{subsubsection.6.1.1}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.1.2}electrosensory system - electric fish}{5}{subsubsection.6.1.2}}

thesis/Masterthesis.log

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thesis/Masterthesis.out

@@ -4,3 +4,7 @@
 \BOOKMARK [2][]{subsection.3.1}{Notes:}{section.3}% 4
 \BOOKMARK [1][]{section.4}{Results}{}% 5
 \BOOKMARK [1][]{section.5}{Discussion}{}% 6
+\BOOKMARK [1][]{section.6}{Possible Sources}{}% 7
+\BOOKMARK [2][]{subsection.6.1}{Henriette Walz - Thesis}{section.6}% 8
+\BOOKMARK [3][]{subsubsection.6.1.1}{Nervous system - Signal encoding}{subsection.6.1}% 9
+\BOOKMARK [3][]{subsubsection.6.1.2}{electrosensory system - electric fish}{subsection.6.1}% 10

thesis/Masterthesis.tex

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ Außerdem erkläre ich, dass die eingereichte Arbeit weder vollständig noch in
 	\item sensory perception
 	\begin{enumerate}
 		\item receptor -> heterogenic population
-		\item further analysis limited by what receptors code for
+		\item further analysis limited by what receptors code for - P-Units encoding 
 		\item p-type neurons code AMs
 	\end{enumerate}
 	
@@ -192,7 +192,106 @@ Außerdem erkläre ich, dass die eingereichte Arbeit weder vollständig noch in
 \item encoding is noisy (Mainen and Sejnowski 1995, Tolhurst et al 1983, Tomko and Crapper 1974 -> review Faisal et al 2008) in part because of stimulus properties but also cell properties (Ion channel stochasticity (van Rossum et al.,2003))
 \item noise can be beneficial to encoding -> “stochastic
 resonance” (weak stimuli on thresholding devices like neurons, noice allows coding of sub threshold stimuli) (Benzi et al., 1981)
+\item single neurons are anatomically and computationally independant units, the
+representation and processing of information in vertebrate nervous systems is distributed
+over groups or networks of cells (for a review, see Pouget et al., 2000)
+\item It has
+been shown that the synchrony among cells carries information on a very fine temporal
+scale in different modalities, from olfaction (Laurent, 1996) to vision (Dan et al., 1998)
+\item In the electrosensory system it was shown before that communica-
+tion signals change the synchrony of the receptor population (Benda et al., 2005, 2006)
+and that this is read out by cells in the successive stages of the electrosensory pathway
+(Marsat and Maler, 2010, 2012; Marsat et al., 2009).
+\item An advantage of rate coding in populations is that it is fast. The rate in
+single neurons has to be averaged over a time window, that is at least as long as the
+minimum interspike interval. In contrast, the population rate can follow the stimulus
+instantaneous, as it does not have to be averaged over time but can be averaged over
+cells (Knight, 1972a).
+\item In a population of neurons subject to neuronal noise, stochastic resonance occurs
+even if the stimulus is strong enough to trigger action potentials itself (supra-threshold
+stochastic resonance described by Stocks, 2000; see Fig. 1.1 B
+\item Cells of the same type and from the same population often vary in their stimulus sen-
+sitivity (Ringach et al., 2002) as well as in their baseline activity properties (Gussin et al., 2007; Hospedales et al., 2008)
+\item Heterogeneity has been shown to improve infor-
+mation coding in both situations, in the presence of noise correlations, for example in
+the visual system cells (Chelaru and Dragoi, 2008) or when correlations mainly originate
+from shared input as in the olfactory system (Padmanabhan and Urban, 2010)
+\item A prerequisite to a neural code thus is that it can be read out by other neurons (Perkel
+and Bullock, 1968).
+\item Developement and evolution shape the func-
+tioning of many physiological systems and there is evidence that they also shape the
+encoding mechanisms of nervous systems. For example, the development of frequency
+selectivity in the auditory cortex has been shown to be delayed in animals stimulated
+with white noise only (Chang and Merzenich, 2003). Also, several encoding mecha-
+nisms can be related to the selective pressure that the energetic consumption of the ner-
+vous system has exerted on its evolution (Laughlin, 2001; Niven and Laughlin, 2008).
+These finding conformed earlier theoretical predictions that had proposed that coding
+should be optimised to encode natural stimuli in an energy-efficient way (Barlow, 1972). -> importance of using natrual stimuli as the coding and nervous system could be optimised for unknown stimuli features not contained in the artificial stimuli like white noise.
 \end{enumerate}
+\subsubsection{electrosensory system - electric fish}
 
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item For decades, studies examining the neurophysiological systems of weakly electric
+fish have provided insights into how natural behaviours are generated using relatively
+simple sensorimotor circuits (for recent reviews see: Chacron et al., 2011; Fortune, 2006;
+Marsat and Maler, 2012). Further, electrocommunication signals are relatively easy to
+describe, classify and simulate, facilitating quantification and experimental manipula-
+tion. Weakly electric fish are therefore an ideal system for examining how communica-
+tion signals influence sensory scenes, drive sensory system responses, and consequently
+exert effects on conspecific behaviour.
+\item The weakly electric fish use active electroreception to navigate and communicate under
+low light conditions (Zupanc et al., 2001).
+\item In active electroreception, animals produce
+an electric field using and electric organ (and this electric field is therefore called the
+electric organ discharge, EOD) and infer, from changes of the EOD, information about
+the location and identification of objects and conspecifics in their vicinity (e.g. Kelly
+et al., 2008; MacIver et al., 2001). However, perturbations result not only from objects
+and other fish, but also from self-motion and other factors. All of these together make
+up the electrosensory scene. The perturbed version of the fish’s own field on its skin
+is called the electric image (Caputi and Budelli, 2006), which is sensed via specialised
+receptors distributed over the body surface (Carr et al., 1982).
+\item In A. leptorhynchus, the
+dipole-like electric field (electric organ discharge, EOD) oscillates in a quasi-sinusoidal
+fashion at frequencies from 700 to 1100 Hz (Zakon et al., 2002) with males emitting at
+higher frequencies than females (Meyer et al., 1987).
+\item The EOD of each individual fish
+has a specific frequency (the EOD frequency, EODf) that remains stable in time (exhibit-
+ing a coefficient of variation of the interspikes intervals as low as $2 ∗ 10^{−4} $; Moortgat et al., 1998).
+\item During social encounters, wave-type fish often modulate the frequency as
+well as the amplitude of their field to communicate (Hagedorn and Heiligenberg, 1985).
+\item Communication signals in A. leptorhynchus have been clas-
+sified into two classes: (i) chirps are transient and stereotyped EODf excursions over
+tens of milliseconds (Zupanc et al., 2006), while (ii) rises are longer duration and more
+variable modulations of EODf, typically lasting for hundreds of milliseconds to sec-
+onds (Hagedorn and Heiligenberg, 1985; Tallarovic and Zakon, 2002). (OLD INFO ? RISES NOW OVER MINUTES/HOURS)
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\subsubsection{P-Units encoding}
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item In baseline conditions (stimulus only own EOD), they fire irregularly at a certain baseline rate. Action potentials occur approximately at a certain phase of the EOD cycle, they are phase-locked to the EOD, but only with a certain probability to each cycle. The baseline rate differs from cell to cell (compare the two example cells in Fig. 2.2 A and B, Gussin et al., 2007)
+\item Since tuberous receptors are distributed over the whole body and the EOD spans the
+whole surrounding, all P-units of a given animal are stimulated with a similar stimulus
+(see Kelly et al. (2008) for an exact model of the EOD). Their noise sources are, however,
+uncorrelated (Chacron et al., 2005b).
+\item In response to a step increase in EOD amplitude, P-units exhibit pronounced spike frequency
+adaptation (Benda et al., 2005; Chacron et al., 2001b; Nelson et al., 1997; Xu et al., 1996).
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\subsubsection{Chapter 4 - other models}
+\begin{enumerate}
+\itemKashimori et al.
+(1996) built a conductance-based model of the whole electroreceptor unit and were able to qualitatively reproduce the behaviour of different types of tuberous units.
+\item Nelson
+et al. (1997) constrained a stochastically spiking model by linear filters of the previously determined P-unit frequency tuning.
+\item Kreiman et al. (2000) used the same frequency
+filters to stimulate a noisy perfect integrate-and-fire neuron with which they investi-
+gated the variability of cell responses to random amplitude modulations (RAMs).
+\item To reproduce the probabilistic phase-locked firing and the correlations of the ISIs, Chacron
+et al. (2000) used a noisy leaky integrate-and-fire model with refractoriness as well as a
+dynamical threshold.
+\item Benda et al. (2005) used a firing rate model with a negative adap-
+tation current to reproduce the high-pass behaviour of P-units.
+\end{enumerate}
 
 \end{document}

thesis/Masterthesis.toc

@@ -5,3 +5,7 @@
 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Notes:}{2}{subsection.3.1}
 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Results}{3}{section.4}
 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Discussion}{3}{section.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Possible Sources}{3}{section.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1}Henriette Walz - Thesis}{3}{subsection.6.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.1.1}Nervous system - Signal encoding}{3}{subsubsection.6.1.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.1.2}electrosensory system - electric fish}{5}{subsubsection.6.1.2}